Difference between revisions of "5. Final Consonants"

Latest revision as of 05:13, 27 January 2006

.1[edit]

Only the following ten: ga nga da na ba ma 'a ra la sa (and the four with affixed sa, v. 5.5) occur at the end of a syllable.

It must be observed, that ga da ba as finals are never pronounced like the English g, d, b in leg, bad, cab, but are transformed differently in the different provinces. In Ladak they sound like k, t, p e.g. sog = sock, god = got, thob = top.

.3[edit]

In all Central Tibet, moreover, final da and na, sometimes even la, modify the sound of a preceeding vowel: a to ae (similar to the English a in hare, man), o to oe (French eu in jeu), u into ue (French u in mur). In most of the other provinces ga and da are uttered so indistinctly as to be scarcely audible, so that sog, god become so, go. In Tsang even final la is scarcely perceptible, and final ga, particularly after o, is almost dissolved into a vowel sound = a:sol ba so-wa, dkon mchog kon-choa.

.4[edit]

Final sa is sounded as s only in Northern Ladak; elsewhere it changes into i or disappears entirely,prolonging, or even modifying at the same time the preceding vowel. Thus the following words: nas 'barley', shes 'know', ris ,figure', chos ,religion', lus ,body', are pronounced in Northern Ladak: nas, shes, ris, chos; in Lahoul: nai, shei, ri, cho, lu; in Lhasa, and consequently by everyone who wishes to speak elegantly: na, she, ri, cho, lu.

.5[edit]

In some words final sa occurs as a second closing letter (affix), after ga nga ba ma, as in nags ,forest', gangs ,glacier-ice', thabs ,means', rams ,indigo'; these are pronounced in N. Ladak: nacks, gangs, taps, rams, elsewhere nack (in U: na), gang (ET ghang), tap, ram.

.6[edit]

na bgefore pa and ma especially in ET very often pronounced m, e.g. nyan pa nyaem pa, nyon nyoem, snyem pa nyem pa.

Click here to go to the front page of the Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar'

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[dag pa'i gzhan dbang]] - pure paratantra [post meditation experience of the noble ones, without attachment to appearances and the pure Buddhafields, Sukhavati [[bde ba can]] etc] [IW]
+__NOTOC__
-[[bde chen smon lam]] - aspiration for rebirth in Sukhavati written by {[[kar ma chags med]]} (17th cent) [RY]
+== .1 ==
+Only the following ten: ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:nga|nga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:la|la]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' (and the four with affixed ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'', [[Abbreviations|v.]] [[5. Final Consonants#.5|5.5]]) occur at the end of a syllable.
-[[bde ba can]] - Blissful realm, Sukhavati [pure land of Amitabha] [IW]
+== .2 ==
+It must be observed, that ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as finals are never pronounced like the English ''g, d, b'' in ''leg, bad, cab'', but are transformed differently in the different provinces. In [[Ladak]] they sound like ''k, t, p'' [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[sog]]'' = ''sock'', ''[[god]]'' = ''got'', ''[[thob]]'' = ''top''.
-[[bde ba can gyi zhing khams]] - the Blissful Realm, Sukhavati [RY]
+== .3 ==
+In all Central Tibet, moreover, final ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' and ''[[:Category:na|na]]'', sometimes even ''[[:Category:la|la]]'', modify the sound of a preceeding vowel: ''a'' to ''ae'' (similar to the English ''a'' in ''hare'', ''man''), ''o'' to ''oe'' (French ''eu'' in ''jeu''), ''u'' into ''ue'' (French ''u'' in ''mur''). In most of the other provinces ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' and ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' are uttered so indistinctly as to be scarcely audible, so that ''[[sog]]'', ''[[god]]'' become ''so'', ''go''. In Tsang even final ''[[:Category:la|la]]'' is scarcely perceptible, and final ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', particularly after ''o'', is almost dissolved into a vowel sound = a:''[[sol ba]]'' ''so-wa'', ''[[dkon mchog]]'' kon-choa.
-[[bde ba can du smon lam 'debs pa]] - aspire to Sukhavati [IW]
+== .4 ==
+Final ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' is sounded as ''s'' only in Northern Ladak; elsewhere it changes into ''i'' or disappears entirely,prolonging, or even modifying at the same time the preceding vowel. Thus the following words: ''[[nas]]'' 'barley', ''[[shes]]'' 'know', ''[[ris]]'' ,figure', ''[[chos]]'' ,religion', ''[[lus]]'' ,body', are pronounced in Northern Ladak: ''nas, shes, ris, chos''; in Lahoul: ''nai, shei, ri, cho, lu''; in Lhasa, and consequently by everyone who wishes to speak elegantly: ''na, she, ri, cho, lu''.
-[[bde ba can lha khang]] - Sukhavati Temple, at Yama Tashikhyil in Domey [RY]
+== .5 ==
+In some words final ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' occurs as a second closing letter (affix), after ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:nga|nga]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'', as in ''[[nags]]'' ,forest', ''[[gangs]]'' ,glacier-ice', ''[[thabs]]'' ,means', ''[[rams]]'' ,indigo'; these are pronounced in N. Ladak: ''nacks, gangs, taps, rams'', elsewhere ''nack'' (in ''[[dbus|U]]'': ''na''), ''gang'' ([[Abbreviations|ET]] ''ghang''), ''tap'', ''ram''.
-[[bde smon]] - [[rnam dag]] [[bde chen zhing]] [[gi]] [[smon lam]]; prayer (pranidhana) to be reborn in the Sukhavati paradise of Amitabha buddha; by {[[kar ma chags med mkhas grub r'a ga a syas]]} (17th cent) [RY]
+== .6 ==
+''[[:Category:na|na]]'' bgefore ''[[:Category:pa|pa]]'' and ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' especially in [[Abbreviations|ET]] very often pronounced ''m'', [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[nyan pa]]'' ''nyaem pa'', ''[[nyon]]'' ''nyoem'', ''[[snyem pa]]'' ''nyem pa''.
-[[man da ra ba me tog]] - Mandarava Flower. 1) coral tree; said to grow in Sukhavati ([[bde ba can]]) Syn. pron. 'Dewachen'. 2) name of one of Padmakara's consorts. Princess of Sahor and close disciple of [[Guru Rinpoche]] [RY]
-[[tshangs chen rigs lnga'i zhing]] - Realms of the five families of Great Purity / Maha Brahma: Sukhavati and so forth with the five teachers being the five buddha families of Amitabha, etc [RY]
+<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]
-[[zhing smon]] - prayer to be reborn in the Sukhavati paradise of Amitabha Buddha Amitabha; {[[rnam dag bde chen zhing gi smon lam]]} work by {[[kar ma chags med]]} [RY]
-[['od dpag med]] - 1) boundless/ infinite light; 2) Amitabha)/ [lord of Sukhavati [[Buddhafield]] [IW]
-[[rang bzhin sprul sku]] - Natural [[nirmanakaya]]. The pure nirmanakaya realms manifested by the buddhas of the [[five families]], such as the realm of Sukhavati [RY]
-[[su kha lba ti]] - Sukhavati [IW]
-[[Category: Key Terms]]