Rangjung Yeshe Wiki - Dharma Dictionary - User contributions [en]

12. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other

2006-02-16T14:18:14Z

DanBallance:

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== .1 ==
The usage of ''[[pa]]'' ''[[ba]]'' ''[[ma]]'' is the most general and widest of all, as they occur with all sorts of substantives and other nouns. ''[[pa]]'' is particularly used for denoting a man who is in a certain way connected with a certain thing (something like [[character omitted]] and [[character omitted]] in Hindustāni and Persian): ''[[grwa]]'' ,school', ''[[grwa pa]]'' (literally: scholar) 'disciple, novice'; ''[[chu]]'' ,water', ''[[chu pa]]'' ,water carrier' ([[character omitted]]); ''[[rta]]'' ,horse', ''[[rta pa]]'' ,horseman'; ''[[dbus]]'' ,the province of [[dbus|U]]', ''[[dbus pa]]'' ,a man from [[dbus|U]]', ''[[khye'u]]'' ,boy', ''[[lo]]'' ,year', ''[[gnyis]]'' ,two', hence: ''[[khye'u]]'' ''[[lo]]'' ''[[gnyis]]'' ''[[pa]]'' ,a two years' boy'. If the feminine is required ''[[ma]]'' is either added to, or - more commonly - used instead of, the former: ''[[dbus ma]]'' ,a woman from [[dbus|U]]'; ''[[bu mo]]'' ''[[lo]]'' ''[[gnyis]]'' ''[[ma]]'' ,a two years' girl'. The performer of an action is more frequently denoted by ''[[po]]'' (or, in more solemn language, ''[[pa po]]''), though, in conversation at least, ''[[mkhan]]'', is preferred; ''[[byed pa]]'' ,to do, make; doing making'; ''[[byed po]]', ''[[byed pa po]]'', ,[[byed mkhan]]'' ,the doer, the maker'.

== .2 ==
The appendices ''[[ka]]'' ''[[kha]]'' ''[[ga]]'' occur with a limited number of [[Noun|nouns]] only, especially the name of the seasons, with [[Numeral|numerals]], and some [[Pronoun|pronouns]]. (''[[ko]]'' seems to be a vulgar form of pronounciation for ''[[ka]]'').

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

pratyekabuddhas

2006-02-16T14:18:14Z

DanBallance:

12. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other

2006-02-16T14:12:54Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

== .1 ==
The usage of ''[[pa]]'' ''[[ba]]'' ''[[ma]]'' is the most general and widest of all, as they occur with all sorts of substantives and other nouns. ''[[pa]]'' is particularly used for denoting a man who is in a certain way connected with a certain thing (something like [[character omitted]] and [[character omitted]] in Hindustāni and Persian: ''[[grwa]]'' ,school', ''[[grwa pa]]'' (literally: scholar) 'disciple, novice'; ''[[chu]]'' ,water', ''[[chu pa]]'' ,water carrier' ([[character omitted]]); ''[[rta]]'' ,horse', ''[[rta pa]]'' ,horseman'; ''[[dbus]]'' ,the province of [[dbus|U]]', ''[[dbus pa]]'' ,a man from [[dbus|U]]', ''[[khye'u]]'' ,boy', ''[[lo]]'' ,year', ''[[gnyis]]'' ,two', hence: ''[[khye'u]]'' ''[[lo]]'' ''[[gnyis]]'' ''[[pa]]'' ,a two years' boy'. If the feminine is required ''[[ma]]'' is either added to, or - more commonly - used instead of, the former: ''[[dbus ma]]'' ,a woman from [[dbus|U]]'; ''[[bu mo]]'' ''[[lo]]'' ''[[gnyis]]'' ''[[ma]]'' ,a two years' girl'. The performe of an action is more frequently denoted by ''[[po]]'' (or, in more solemn language, ''[[pa po]]''), though, in conversation at least, ''[[mkhan]]'', is preferred; ''[[byed pa]]'' ,to do, make'; doing making'; ''[[byed po]]', ''[[byed pa po]]'', ,[[byed mkhan]]'' ,the doer, the maker'.

== .2 ==

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

pratyekabuddhas

2006-02-16T14:12:54Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

== .1 ==
The usage of ''[[pa]]'' ''[[ba]]'' ''[[ma]]'' is the most general and widest of all, as they occur with all sorts of substantives and other nouns. ''[[pa]]'' is particularly used for denoting a man who is in a certain way connected with a certain thing (something like [[character omitted]] and [[character omitted]] in Hindustāni and Persian: ''[[grwa]]'' ,school', ''[[grwa pa]]'' (literally: scholar) 'disciple, novice'; ''[[chu]]'' ,water', ''[[chu pa]]'' ,water carrier' ([[character omitted]]); ''[[rta]]'' ,horse', ''[[rta pa]]'' ,horseman'; ''[[dbus]]'' ,the province of [[dbus|U]]', ''[[dbus pa]]'' ,a man from [[dbus|U]]', ''[[khye'u]]'' ,boy', ''[[lo]]'' ,year', ''[[gnyis]]'' ,two', hence: ''[[khye'u]]'' ''[[lo]]'' ''[[gnyis]]'' ''[[pa]]'' ,a two years' boy'. If the feminine is required ''[[ma]]'' is either added to, or - more commonly - used instead of, the former: ''[[dbus ma]]'' ,a woman from [[dbus|U]]'; ''[[bu mo]]'' ''[[lo]]'' ''[[gnyis]]'' ''[[ma]]'' ,a two years' girl'. The performe of an action is more frequently denoted by ''[[po]]'' (or, in more solemn language, ''[[pa po]]''), though, in conversation at least, ''[[mkhan]]'', is preferred; ''[[byed pa]]'' ,to do, make'; doing making'; ''[[byed po]]', ''[[byed pa po]]'', ,[[byed mkhan]]'' ,the doer, the maker'.

== .2 ==

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article

2006-02-16T13:44:11Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

== .1 ==
What have been called Articles by Csoma and Schmidt, are a number of little affixes: ''[[pa]]'' ''[[ba]]'' ''[[ma]]'' ''[[po]]'' ''[[bo]]'' ''[[mo]]'', and some similar ones, which might perhaps be more adequately termed denominators, since their principle object is undoubtedly to represent a given root as a [[Noun|noun]], [[Substantive|substantive]] or [[Adjective|adjective]], as is most clearly perceptible in the instance of the roots of the verbs, to which ''[[pa]]'' or ''[[ba]]'' impart the notion of the [[Infinitive]] and [[Participle]], or the nearest abstract and nearest concrete nouns that can possibly be formed from the idea of a verb. These affixes are not, however, - except in this case - essential to a noun, as many substantives and adjectives and most of the pronouns are never accompanied by them, and even those which usually appear connected with them, will drop them upon the slightest occaision.

== .2 ==
Almost the only case in which a syntactical use of them, like that of the English [[Definite Article|definite Article]], is perceptible, is that mentioned [[20. Remarks#.3|20.3]]; a formal one, that of distinguishing the [[Gender]], occurs in a limited number of words, where ''[[mo]]'' denotes the female, ''[[po]]'' the masculine. 

Thus: ''[[rgyal po]]'' ,king', ''[[rgyal mo]]'' ,queen'. Or, if the word in the masculine (or rather common) gender has no article, ''[[mo]]'' is added: ''[[seng ge]]'' ,lion', ''[[seng ge mo]]'' ,lioness'.

== .3 ==
In most instances, by far, their only only use is to distinguish different meanings of [[homonym|homonymous]] roots, [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[ston pa]]'' ,teacher'; ''[[ston mo]]'' ,feast'; ''[[ston kha]]'' ,autumn'. Even this advantage, however, is given up, as soon as a composition takes place, and then the meaning can only be inferred from the context, or known from usage: ''[[ming ston]]'' (from ''[[ston mo]]'') ,name feast' (given on the occaision of naming or christening an infant); ''[[ston zla]]'' (from ''[[ston kha]]'') ,autumnal month'. In some instances the putting or omitting of these articles is optional; more frequently the usage varies in different provinces.

== .4 ==
The peculiar nature of these affixes is most clearly shown by the manner in which they are connected with the indefinite article [[13. The Indefinite Article|13]].

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

shravakas

2006-02-16T13:44:11Z

DanBallance:

11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article

2006-02-16T13:29:22Z

DanBallance:

shravakas

2006-02-16T13:29:22Z

DanBallance:

Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar'

2006-02-16T13:24:29Z

DanBallance:

'''Contents'''

this section is a work in progress ! ;)

[[Preface|Preface (1883)]] 
[[Online Preface|Preface (online)]] 
[[Abbreviations]]

'''1. Phonology.'''

[[1. Alphabet]] 
[[2. Remarks]] 
[[3. Vowels]] 
[[4. Syllables]] 
[[5. Final Consonants]] 
[[6. Dipthongs]] 
[[7. Compound Consonants]] 
[[8. Prefixed Letters]] 
[[9. Word; Accent; Quantity]] 
[[10. Punctuation]] 

[[List of a Few Useful Words]] 

'''2. Etymology.''' 

I. Article. 
[[11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article]] 
[[12. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other]] 
[[13. The Indefinite Article]] 

II. Substantive. 
[[14. Number]] 
[[15. Declension]] 

III. Adjective. 
[[16. Relation to the Substantive]] 
[[17. Comparison]] 

IV. Numerals. 
[[18. Cardinal Numerals]] 
[[19. Ordinal Numerals]] 
[[20. Remarks.]] 
[[21. Distributive Numerals]] 
[[22. Adverbial Numerals]] 
[[23. Fractional Numerals]] 

[[Category:Grammar]]

Category:Kalachakra

2006-02-16T13:24:29Z

DanBallance:

List of a Few Useful Words

2006-02-02T14:36:32Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar. 
''[[khang pa]]'', house. 
''[[gang]]'', which? 
''[[gur]]'', tent. 
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue. 
''[[ci]]'', what? 
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment. 
''[[chung ba]]'', little. 
''[[ja]]'', tea. 
''[[nyi ma]]'', sun. 
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip. 
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle. 
''[[kun]]'', all. 
''[[khung]]'', hole. 
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where? 
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad. 
''[[chang]]'', beer. 
''[[char pa]]'', rain. 
''[[chen po]]'', great. 
''[[nya]]'', fish. 
''[[nyung ba]]'', little, few. 
''[[nye mo]]'', near. 
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe. 
''[[thag pa]]'', rope. 
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.
''[[dang]]'', and; with. 
''[[nag po]]'', black. 
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property. 
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit. 
''[[ba]]'', cow. 
''[[bu]]'', son. 
''[[me]]'', fire. 
''[[med]]'', there is not. 
''[[tshang ma]]'', whole. 
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk. 
''[['od]]'', light, sunshine. 
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are. 
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain. 
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass. 
''[[lug]]'', sheep. 
''[[thang]]'', the plain. 
''[[da]]'', now. 
''[[dud pa]]'', smoke. 
''[[nad]]'', disease. 

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

tregchod

2006-02-02T14:36:32Z

DanBallance:

List of a Few Useful Words

2006-02-02T14:36:16Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar. 
''[[khang pa]]'', house. 
''[[gang]]'', which? 
''[[gur]]'', tent. 
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue. 
''[[ci]]'', what? 
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment. 
''[[chung ba]]'', little. 
''[[ja]]'', tea. 
''[[nyi ma]]'', sun. 
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip. 
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle. 
''[[kun]]'', all. 
''[[khung]]'', hole. 
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where? 
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad. 
''[[chang]]'', beer. 
''[[char pa]]'', rain. 
''[[chen po]]'', great. 
''[[nya]]'', fish. 
''[[nyung ba]]'', little, few. 
''[[nye mo]]'', near. 
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe. 
''[[thag pa]]'', rope. 
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.
''[[dang]]'', and; with. 
''[[nag po]]'', black. 
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property. 
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit. 
''[[ba]]'', cow. 
''[[bu]]'', son. 
''[[me]]'', fire. 
''[[med]]'', there is not. 
''[[tshang ma]]'', whole. 
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk. 
''['od]]'', light, sunshine. 
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are. 
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain. 
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass. 
''[[lug]]'', sheep. 
''[[thang]]'', the plain. 
''[[da]]'', now. 
''[[dud pa]]'', smoke. 
''[[nad]]'', disease. 

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

tregchod

2006-02-02T14:36:16Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar. 
''[[khang pa]]'', house. 
''[[gang]]'', which? 
''[[gur]]'', tent. 
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue. 
''[[ci]]'', what? 
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment. 
''[[chung ba]]'', little. 
''[[ja]]'', tea. 
''[[nyi ma]]'', sun. 
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip. 
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle. 
''[[kun]]'', all. 
''[[khung]]'', hole. 
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where? 
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad. 
''[[chang]]'', beer. 
''[[char pa]]'', rain. 
''[[chen po]]'', great. 
''[[nya]]'', fish. 
''[[nyung ba]]'', little, few. 
''[[nye mo]]'', near. 
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe. 
''[[thag pa]]'', rope. 
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.
''[[dang]]'', and; with. 
''[[nag po]]'', black. 
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property. 
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit. 
''[[ba]]'', cow. 
''[[bu]]'', son. 
''[[me]]'', fire. 
''[[med]]'', there is not. 
''[[tshang ma]]'', whole. 
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk. 
''['od]]'', light, sunshine. 
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are. 
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain. 
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass. 
''[[lug]]'', sheep. 
''[[thang]]'', the plain. 
''[[da]]'', now. 
''[[dud pa]]'', smoke. 
''[[nad]]'', disease. 

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

List of a Few Useful Words

2006-02-02T14:35:43Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar. 
''[[khang pa]]'', house. 
''[[gang]]'', which? 
''[[gur]]'', tent. 
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue. 
''[[ci]]'', what? 
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment. 
''[[chung ba]]'', little. 
''[[ja]]'', tea. 
'[[nyi ma]]'', sun. 
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip. 
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle. 
''[[kun]]'', all. 
''[[khung]]'', hole. 
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where? 
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad. 
''[[chang]]'', beer. 
''[[char pa]]'', rain. 
''[[chen po]]'', great. 
''[[nya]]'', fish. 
''[nyung ba]]'', little, few. 
''[[nye mo]]'', near. 
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe. 
''[[thag pa]]'', rope. 
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.
''[[dang]]'', and; with. 
''[[nag po]]'', black. 
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property. 
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit. 
''[[ba]]'', cow. 
''[[bu]]'', son. 
''[[me]]'', fire. 
''[[med]]'', there is not. 
''[[tshang ma]]'', whole. 
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk. 
''['od]]'', light, sunshine. 
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are. 
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain. 
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass. 
''[[lug]]'', sheep. 
''[[thang]]'', the plain. 
''[[da]]'', now. 
''[[dud pa]]'', smoke. 
''[[nad]]'', disease. 

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

tregchod

2006-02-02T14:35:43Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar. 
''[[khang pa]]'', house. 
''[[gang]]'', which? 
''[[gur]]'', tent. 
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue. 
''[[ci]]'', what? 
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment. 
''[[chung ba]]'', little. 
''[[ja]]'', tea. 
'[[nyi ma]]'', sun. 
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip. 
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle. 
''[[kun]]'', all. 
''[[khung]]'', hole. 
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where? 
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad. 
''[[chang]]'', beer. 
''[[char pa]]'', rain. 
''[[chen po]]'', great. 
''[[nya]]'', fish. 
''[nyung ba]]'', little, few. 
''[[nye mo]]'', near. 
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe. 
''[[thag pa]]'', rope. 
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.
''[[dang]]'', and; with. 
''[[nag po]]'', black. 
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property. 
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit. 
''[[ba]]'', cow. 
''[[bu]]'', son. 
''[[me]]'', fire. 
''[[med]]'', there is not. 
''[[tshang ma]]'', whole. 
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk. 
''['od]]'', light, sunshine. 
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are. 
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain. 
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass. 
''[[lug]]'', sheep. 
''[[thang]]'', the plain. 
''[[da]]'', now. 
''[[dud pa]]'', smoke. 
''[[nad]]'', disease. 

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

List of a Few Useful Words

2006-02-02T14:32:32Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar. 
''[[khang pa]]'', house. 
''[[gang]]'', which? 
''[[gur]]'', tent. 
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue. 
''[[ci]]'', what? 
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment. 
''[[chung ba]]'', little. 
''[[ja]]'', tea. 
'[[nyi ma]]'', sun. 
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip. 
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle. 
''[[kun]]'', all. 
''[[khung]]'', hole. 
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where? 
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad. 
''[[chang]]'', beer. 
''[[char pa]]'', rain. 
''[[chen po]]'', great. 
''[[nya]]'', fish. 
''[nyung ba]]'', little, few. 
''[[nye mo]]'', near. 
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe. 
''[[thag pa]]'', rope. 
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.
''[[dang]]'', and; with. 
''[[nag po]]'', black. 
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property. 
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit. 
''[[ba]]'', cow. 
''[[bu]]'', son. 
''[[me]]'', fire. 
''[[med]]'', there is not. 
''[[tsang ma]]'', whole.
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk. 
''['od]]'', light, sunshine. 
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are. 
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain. 
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass. 
''[[lug]]'', sheep. 

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

tregchod

2006-02-02T14:32:32Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar. 
''[[khang pa]]'', house. 
''[[gang]]'', which? 
''[[gur]]'', tent. 
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue. 
''[[ci]]'', what? 
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment. 
''[[chung ba]]'', little. 
''[[ja]]'', tea. 
'[[nyi ma]]'', sun. 
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip. 
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle. 
''[[kun]]'', all. 
''[[khung]]'', hole. 
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where? 
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad. 
''[[chang]]'', beer. 
''[[char pa]]'', rain. 
''[[chen po]]'', great. 
''[[nya]]'', fish. 
''[nyung ba]]'', little, few. 
''[[nye mo]]'', near. 
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe. 
''[[thag pa]]'', rope. 
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.
''[[dang]]'', and; with. 
''[[nag po]]'', black. 
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property. 
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit. 
''[[ba]]'', cow. 
''[[bu]]'', son. 
''[[me]]'', fire. 
''[[med]]'', there is not. 
''[[tsang ma]]'', whole.
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk. 
''['od]]'', light, sunshine. 
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are. 
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain. 
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass. 
''[[lug]]'', sheep. 

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

List of a Few Useful Words

2006-02-02T14:25:12Z

DanBallance:

tregchod

2006-02-02T14:25:12Z

DanBallance:

List of a Few Useful Words

2006-02-02T14:19:13Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

''[[ka ra]]'' ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar. 
''[[khang pa]]'', house. 
''[[gang]]'', which? 
''[[gur]]'', tent. 

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

tregchod

2006-02-02T14:19:13Z

DanBallance:

10. Punctuation

2006-02-02T14:16:18Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

== .1 ==
For separating the members of a longer period, a vertical stroke: / called ''[[shad]]'' ''shae'', is used, which corresponds at once to our comma, semicolon and colon; after the closing of a sentence the same is doubled; after a longer piece, [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] a chapter, four ''[[shad]]'''s are put. No marks of interrogation or exclamation exist in punctuation.

== .2 ==
In metrical compositions, the double ''[[shad]]'' is used for separating the single verses; in that case the logical partition of the sentence is not marked ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[4. Syllables|4]]).

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

tregcho

2006-02-02T14:16:18Z

DanBallance:

9. Word; Accent; Quantity

2006-02-01T13:02:22Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

== .1 ==
The peculiarity of the Tibetan mode of writing in distinctly marking the word-syllables, but not the words ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[4. Syllables|4]]) composed of two or more of these, sometimes renders is doubtful what is to be rgarded as one word.

== .2 ==
There exist a great number of small monosyllables, which serve for denoting different shades of notions, grammatical relations etc., and are postponed to the word in question; but never alter its original shape, though their own initials are not seldom influenced by its final consonant ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[15. Declension.|15]]).

== .3 ==
Such monosyllables may conveniently be regarded as terminations, forming one word together with the preceeding nominal or verbal root.

== .4 ==
The accent is, in such cases, most naturally given to the root, or, in compounds, generally to the latter part of the composition, as: ''[[mig]]'' ,eye', ''[[mig gi]]'' ,of the eye'; ''[[lag]]'' ,hand', [[lag shubs]]'', ,hand covering, glove'.

== .5 ==
Equally natural is, in [[Abbreviations|WT.]], the quantity of the vowels: accentuated vowels, when closing the syllable, are comparatively long (though never so long as in the English words ''bee, stay'', or the [[Hindi]] [[character omitted]] etc.), otherwise short, as ''[[mi]]'' ,man', ''[[mi la]]'' ,to the man', but ''[[mar]]'' ,butter'. - In [[Abbreviations|CT]], however, even accentuated and closing vowels are uttered very shortly: ''mi, mi-la'' etc., and long ones occur there only in the case of [[5. Final Consonants|5]], [[4. Syllables#.5|4.5]] and [[8. Prefixed Letters#.2|8.2]], as ''[[las]]'' ''lae'' ,work'; ''[[chos]]'' ''choe'' ,religion'; ''[[mda']]'' ''da'' ,arrow'; ''[[gza']]'' ''za'' ,planet'; and in Lhasa especially: ''[[nags]]'' ''na'' ,forest'; ''[[legs pa]]'' ''le-pa'' ,good'; ''[[rigs]]'' ''ri'' ,class, sort'; ''[[logs]]'' ''lo'' ,side'; ''[[lugs]]'' ''lu'' ,manner'. - In [[Sanscrit]] words the long vowels are marked by an ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' beneath the consonant, as: ''[[n'a ma]]'' ([[character omitted]]) ,called', ''[[m'u la]]'' ([[character omitted]]) ,root' ([[Abbreviations|s.]] [[3. Vowels|3]]).

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

Three Mantras

2006-02-01T13:02:22Z

DanBallance:

Online Preface

2006-02-01T12:33:00Z

DanBallance:

this is currently just notes ! ;)

1 - explain about the unusual charcters, wylie and hopes for the future display of characters

2 - explain that spelling mistakes have been corrected, but all syntax is true to jaeschke, even where it is a little strange.

3 - explain hopes to expand the grammar terminology.

4 - abbreviation list, as the 1883 ed, not been expanded. sometimes he uses an abbreviation not in teh list, these have not been hyper-linked, since they are generally self explanatory.

mantra

2006-02-01T12:33:00Z

DanBallance:

9. Word; Accent; Quantity

2006-02-01T12:30:42Z

DanBallance:

Three Mantras

2006-02-01T12:30:42Z

DanBallance:

Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar'

2006-02-01T12:22:31Z

DanBallance:

'''Contents'''

this section is a work in progress ! ;)

[[Preface|Preface (1883)]] 
[[Online Preface|Preface (online)]] 
[[Abbreviations]]

'''1. Phonology.'''

[[1. Alphabet]] 
[[2. Remarks]] 
[[3. Vowels]] 
[[4. Syllables]] 
[[5. Final Consonants]] 
[[6. Dipthongs]] 
[[7. Compound Consonants]] 
[[8. Prefixed Letters]] 
[[9. Word; Accent; Quantity]] 
[[10. Punctuation]] 

[[List of a Few Useful Words]] 

'''2. Etymology.''' 

I. Article. 
[[11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article]] 
[[12. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other.]] 
[[13. The Indefinite Article.]] 

II. Substantive 
[[14. Number.]] 
[[15. Declension.]] 

III. Adjective. 
[[16. Relation to the Substantive]] 
[[17. Comparison.]] 

IV. Numerals. 
[[18. Cardinal Numerals.]] 
[[19. Ordinal Numerals.]] 
[[20. Remarks.]] 
[[21. Distributive Numerals.]] 
[[22. Adverbial Numerals.]] 
[[23. Fractional Numerals.]] 

[[Category:Grammar]]

Category:Kalachakra

2006-02-01T12:22:31Z

DanBallance:

'''Contents'''

this section is a work in progress ! ;)

[[Preface|Preface (1883)]] 
[[Online Preface|Preface (online)]] 
[[Abbreviations]]

'''1. Phonology.'''

[[1. Alphabet]] 
[[2. Remarks]] 
[[3. Vowels]] 
[[4. Syllables]] 
[[5. Final Consonants]] 
[[6. Dipthongs]] 
[[7. Compound Consonants]] 
[[8. Prefixed Letters]] 
[[9. Word; Accent; Quantity]] 
[[10. Punctuation]] 

[[List of a Few Useful Words]] 

'''2. Etymology.''' 

I. Article. 
[[11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article]] 
[[12. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other.]] 
[[13. The Indefinite Article.]] 

II. Substantive 
[[14. Number.]] 
[[15. Declension.]] 

III. Adjective. 
[[16. Relation to the Substantive]] 
[[17. Comparison.]] 

IV. Numerals. 
[[18. Cardinal Numerals.]] 
[[19. Ordinal Numerals.]] 
[[20. Remarks.]] 
[[21. Distributive Numerals.]] 
[[22. Adverbial Numerals.]] 
[[23. Fractional Numerals.]] 

[[Category:Grammar]]

Online Preface

2006-02-01T12:12:14Z

DanBallance:

mantra

2006-02-01T12:12:14Z

DanBallance:

Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar'

2006-02-01T12:09:25Z

DanBallance:

Category:Kalachakra

2006-02-01T12:09:25Z

DanBallance:

Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar'

2006-02-01T12:06:22Z

DanBallance:

'''Contents'''

this section is a work in progress ! ;)

[[Preface to the 1883 edition.]] 
[[Preface to this online edition.]] 
[[Abbreviations]]

'''1. Phonology.'''

[[1. Alphabet]] 
[[2. Remarks]] 
[[3. Vowels]] 
[[4. Syllables]] 
[[5. Final Consonants]] 
[[6. Dipthongs]] 
[[7. Compound Consonants]] 
[[8. Prefixed Letters]] 
[[9. Word; Accent; Quantity]] 
[[10. Punctuation]] 

[[List of a Few Useful Words]] 

'''2. Etymology.''' 
I. Article. 
[[11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article]] 
[[12. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other.]] 

[[Category:Grammar]]

Category:Kalachakra

2006-02-01T12:06:22Z

DanBallance:

8. Prefixed Letters

2006-02-01T11:59:51Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

== .1 ==
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.

== .2 ==
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.

== .3 ==
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).

== .4 ==
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]

== .5 ==
'''Examples:''' 

''[[g.yag]]'' ''yak'' - bos grunniens, yak. 
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe-cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe-cha'' - book. 
''[[bzang po]]'' ''sang-po'' - good. 
''[['bab pa]]'' ''bap-pa'' - to descend. 
''[['bang]]'' wang, [[Abbreviations|vulg.]][[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ang'' - power. 
''[[dbus]]'' ''Ue'' - name of the Lhasa district. 
''[[dben pa]]'' ''en-pa'' - solitude. 
''[[dbyibs]]'' ''yib(s), ib'' - figure. 
''[[dkar po]]'' ''kar-po'' - white. 
''[[dgra bo]]'' ''dra-wo'' - enemy. 
''[[mngar mo]]'' ''ngar-mo'' - sweet. 
''[[bcu bzhi]]'' ''chub-zhi'', [[Abbreviations|Eleg.]] ''cu-zhi'' - fourteen. 
''[[dbu]]'' ''u'' resp. - head. 
''[[dbugs]]'' ''ug(s)'', [[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ug, u'' - breath. 
''[[dbyar ka]]'' ''yar ka'' - summer. 
''[[dbye ba]]'' ''ye-wa, e-wa'' - difference. 

 Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]

three kayas

2006-02-01T11:59:51Z

DanBallance:

8. Prefixed Letters

2006-01-31T10:42:40Z

DanBallance: /* .5 */

three kayas

2006-01-31T10:42:40Z

DanBallance: /* .5 */

8. Prefixed Letters

2006-01-31T10:41:32Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

== .1 ==
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.

== .2 ==
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.

== .3 ==
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).

== .4 ==
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]

== .5 ==
'''Examples:''' 

''[[gyag]]'' ''yak'' - bos grunniens, yak. 
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe-cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe-cha'' - book. 
''[[bzang po]]'' ''sang-po'' - good. 
''[['bab pa]]'' ''bap-pa'' - to descend. 
''[['bang]]'' wang, [[Abbreviations|vulg.]][[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ang'' - power. 
''[[dbus]]'' ''Ue'' - name of the Lhasa district. 
''[[dben pa]]'' ''en-pa'' - solitude. 
''[[dbyibs]]'' ''yib(s), ib'' - figure. 
''[[dkar po]]'' ''kar-po'' - white. 
''[[dgra bo]]'' ''dra-wo'' - enemy. 
''[[mngar mo]]'' ''ngar-mo'' - sweet. 
''[[bcu bzhi]]'' ''chub-zhi'', [[Abbreviations|Eleg.]] ''cu-zhi'' - fourteen. 
''[[dbu]]'' ''u'' resp. - head. 
''[[dbugs]]'' ''ug(s)'', [[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ug, u'' - breath. 
''[[dbyar ka]]'' ''yar ka'' - summer. 
''[[dbye ba]]'' ''ye-wa, e-wa'' - difference.

three kayas

2006-01-31T10:41:32Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

== .1 ==
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.

== .2 ==
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.

== .3 ==
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).

== .4 ==
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]

== .5 ==
'''Examples:''' 

''[[gyag]]'' ''yak'' - bos grunniens, yak. 
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe-cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe-cha'' - book. 
''[[bzang po]]'' ''sang-po'' - good. 
''[['bab pa]]'' ''bap-pa'' - to descend. 
''[['bang]]'' wang, [[Abbreviations|vulg.]][[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ang'' - power. 
''[[dbus]]'' ''Ue'' - name of the Lhasa district. 
''[[dben pa]]'' ''en-pa'' - solitude. 
''[[dbyibs]]'' ''yib(s), ib'' - figure. 
''[[dkar po]]'' ''kar-po'' - white. 
''[[dgra bo]]'' ''dra-wo'' - enemy. 
''[[mngar mo]]'' ''ngar-mo'' - sweet. 
''[[bcu bzhi]]'' ''chub-zhi'', [[Abbreviations|Eleg.]] ''cu-zhi'' - fourteen. 
''[[dbu]]'' ''u'' resp. - head. 
''[[dbugs]]'' ''ug(s)'', [[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ug, u'' - breath. 
''[[dbyar ka]]'' ''yar ka'' - summer. 
''[[dbye ba]]'' ''ye-wa, e-wa'' - difference.

8. Prefixed Letters

2006-01-31T10:40:41Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

== .1 ==
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.

== .2 ==
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.

== .3 ==
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).

== .4 ==
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]

== .5 ==
'''Examples:''' 

''[[gyag]]'' ''yak'' - bos grunniens, yak.
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe-cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe-cha'' - book.
''[[bzang po]]'' ''sang-po'' - good.
''[['bab pa]]'' ''bap-pa'' - to descend.
''[['bang]]'' wang, [[Abbreviations|vulg.]][[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ang'' - power.
''[[dbus]]'' ''Ue'' - name of the Lhasa district.
''[[dben pa]]'' ''en-pa'' - solitude.
''[[dbyibs]]'' ''yib(s), ib'' - figure.
''[[dkar po]]'' ''kar-po'' - white.
''[[dgra bo]]'' ''dra-wo'' - enemy.
''[[mngar mo]]'' ''ngar-mo'' - sweet.
''[[bcu bzhi]]'' ''chub-zhi'', [[Abbreviations|Eleg.]] ''cu-zhi'' - fourteen.
''[[dbu]]'' ''u'' resp. - head.
''[[dbugs]]'' ''ug(s)'', [[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ug, u'' - breath.
''[[dbyar ka]]'' ''yar ka'' - summer.
''[[dbye ba]]'' ''ye-wa, e-wa'' - difference.

three kayas

2006-01-31T10:40:41Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

== .1 ==
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.

== .2 ==
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.

== .3 ==
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).

== .4 ==
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]

== .5 ==
'''Examples:''' 

''[[gyag]]'' ''yak'' - bos grunniens, yak.
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe-cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe-cha'' - book.
''[[bzang po]]'' ''sang-po'' - good.
''[['bab pa]]'' ''bap-pa'' - to descend.
''[['bang]]'' wang, [[Abbreviations|vulg.]][[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ang'' - power.
''[[dbus]]'' ''Ue'' - name of the Lhasa district.
''[[dben pa]]'' ''en-pa'' - solitude.
''[[dbyibs]]'' ''yib(s), ib'' - figure.
''[[dkar po]]'' ''kar-po'' - white.
''[[dgra bo]]'' ''dra-wo'' - enemy.
''[[mngar mo]]'' ''ngar-mo'' - sweet.
''[[bcu bzhi]]'' ''chub-zhi'', [[Abbreviations|Eleg.]] ''cu-zhi'' - fourteen.
''[[dbu]]'' ''u'' resp. - head.
''[[dbugs]]'' ''ug(s)'', [[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ug, u'' - breath.
''[[dbyar ka]]'' ''yar ka'' - summer.
''[[dbye ba]]'' ''ye-wa, e-wa'' - difference.

8. Prefixed Letters

2006-01-31T10:25:21Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

== .1 ==
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.

== .2 ==
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.

== .3 ==
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).

== .4 ==
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]

== .5 ==
'''Examples:''' BR>

''[[gyag]]'' ''yag'' bos grunniens.
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe cha'' book.

three kayas

2006-01-31T10:25:21Z

DanBallance:

__NOTOC__

== .1 ==
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.

== .2 ==
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.

== .3 ==
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).

== .4 ==
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]

== .5 ==
'''Examples:''' BR>

''[[gyag]]'' ''yag'' bos grunniens.
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe cha'' book.

8. Prefixed Letters

2006-01-31T09:53:44Z

DanBallance:

three kayas

2006-01-31T09:53:44Z

DanBallance: