https://rywiki.tsadra.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=DanBallance&feedformat=atomRangjung Yeshe Wiki - Dharma Dictionary - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T21:56:24ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.10https://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=12._Difference_of_the_Articles_Among_Each_Other&diff=42644812. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other2006-02-16T14:18:14Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The usage of ''[[pa]]'' ''[[ba]]'' ''[[ma]]'' is the most general and widest of all, as they occur with all sorts of substantives and other nouns. ''[[pa]]'' is particularly used for denoting a man who is in a certain way connected with a certain thing (something like [[character omitted]] and [[character omitted]] in Hindustāni and Persian): ''[[grwa]]'' ,school', ''[[grwa pa]]'' (literally: scholar) 'disciple, novice'; ''[[chu]]'' ,water', ''[[chu pa]]'' ,water carrier' ([[character omitted]]); ''[[rta]]'' ,horse', ''[[rta pa]]'' ,horseman'; ''[[dbus]]'' ,the province of [[dbus|U]]', ''[[dbus pa]]'' ,a man from [[dbus|U]]', ''[[khye'u]]'' ,boy', ''[[lo]]'' ,year', ''[[gnyis]]'' ,two', hence: ''[[khye'u]]'' ''[[lo]]'' ''[[gnyis]]'' ''[[pa]]'' ,a two years' boy'. If the feminine is required ''[[ma]]'' is either added to, or - more commonly - used instead of, the former: ''[[dbus ma]]'' ,a woman from [[dbus|U]]'; ''[[bu mo]]'' ''[[lo]]'' ''[[gnyis]]'' ''[[ma]]'' ,a two years' girl'. The performer of an action is more frequently denoted by ''[[po]]'' (or, in more solemn language, ''[[pa po]]''), though, in conversation at least, ''[[mkhan]]'', is preferred; ''[[byed pa]]'' ,to do, make; doing making'; ''[[byed po]]', ''[[byed pa po]]'', ,[[byed mkhan]]'' ,the doer, the maker'.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
The appendices ''[[ka]]'' ''[[kha]]'' ''[[ga]]'' occur with a limited number of [[Noun|nouns]] only, especially the name of the seasons, with [[Numeral|numerals]], and some [[Pronoun|pronouns]]. (''[[ko]]'' seems to be a vulgar form of pronounciation for ''[[ka]]'').<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=pratyekabuddhas&diff=203997pratyekabuddhas2006-02-16T14:18:14Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The usage of ''[[pa]]'' ''[[ba]]'' ''[[ma]]'' is the most general and widest of all, as they occur with all sorts of substantives and other nouns. ''[[pa]]'' is particularly used for denoting a man who is in a certain way connected with a certain thing (something like [[character omitted]] and [[character omitted]] in Hindustāni and Persian): ''[[grwa]]'' ,school', ''[[grwa pa]]'' (literally: scholar) 'disciple, novice'; ''[[chu]]'' ,water', ''[[chu pa]]'' ,water carrier' ([[character omitted]]); ''[[rta]]'' ,horse', ''[[rta pa]]'' ,horseman'; ''[[dbus]]'' ,the province of [[dbus|U]]', ''[[dbus pa]]'' ,a man from [[dbus|U]]', ''[[khye'u]]'' ,boy', ''[[lo]]'' ,year', ''[[gnyis]]'' ,two', hence: ''[[khye'u]]'' ''[[lo]]'' ''[[gnyis]]'' ''[[pa]]'' ,a two years' boy'. If the feminine is required ''[[ma]]'' is either added to, or - more commonly - used instead of, the former: ''[[dbus ma]]'' ,a woman from [[dbus|U]]'; ''[[bu mo]]'' ''[[lo]]'' ''[[gnyis]]'' ''[[ma]]'' ,a two years' girl'. The performer of an action is more frequently denoted by ''[[po]]'' (or, in more solemn language, ''[[pa po]]''), though, in conversation at least, ''[[mkhan]]'', is preferred; ''[[byed pa]]'' ,to do, make; doing making'; ''[[byed po]]', ''[[byed pa po]]'', ,[[byed mkhan]]'' ,the doer, the maker'.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
The appendices ''[[ka]]'' ''[[kha]]'' ''[[ga]]'' occur with a limited number of [[Noun|nouns]] only, especially the name of the seasons, with [[Numeral|numerals]], and some [[Pronoun|pronouns]]. (''[[ko]]'' seems to be a vulgar form of pronounciation for ''[[ka]]'').<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=12._Difference_of_the_Articles_Among_Each_Other&diff=42644712. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other2006-02-16T14:12:54Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The usage of ''[[pa]]'' ''[[ba]]'' ''[[ma]]'' is the most general and widest of all, as they occur with all sorts of substantives and other nouns. ''[[pa]]'' is particularly used for denoting a man who is in a certain way connected with a certain thing (something like [[character omitted]] and [[character omitted]] in Hindustāni and Persian: ''[[grwa]]'' ,school', ''[[grwa pa]]'' (literally: scholar) 'disciple, novice'; ''[[chu]]'' ,water', ''[[chu pa]]'' ,water carrier' ([[character omitted]]); ''[[rta]]'' ,horse', ''[[rta pa]]'' ,horseman'; ''[[dbus]]'' ,the province of [[dbus|U]]', ''[[dbus pa]]'' ,a man from [[dbus|U]]', ''[[khye'u]]'' ,boy', ''[[lo]]'' ,year', ''[[gnyis]]'' ,two', hence: ''[[khye'u]]'' ''[[lo]]'' ''[[gnyis]]'' ''[[pa]]'' ,a two years' boy'. If the feminine is required ''[[ma]]'' is either added to, or - more commonly - used instead of, the former: ''[[dbus ma]]'' ,a woman from [[dbus|U]]'; ''[[bu mo]]'' ''[[lo]]'' ''[[gnyis]]'' ''[[ma]]'' ,a two years' girl'. The performe of an action is more frequently denoted by ''[[po]]'' (or, in more solemn language, ''[[pa po]]''), though, in conversation at least, ''[[mkhan]]'', is preferred; ''[[byed pa]]'' ,to do, make'; doing making'; ''[[byed po]]', ''[[byed pa po]]'', ,[[byed mkhan]]'' ,the doer, the maker'.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=pratyekabuddhas&diff=203996pratyekabuddhas2006-02-16T14:12:54Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The usage of ''[[pa]]'' ''[[ba]]'' ''[[ma]]'' is the most general and widest of all, as they occur with all sorts of substantives and other nouns. ''[[pa]]'' is particularly used for denoting a man who is in a certain way connected with a certain thing (something like [[character omitted]] and [[character omitted]] in Hindustāni and Persian: ''[[grwa]]'' ,school', ''[[grwa pa]]'' (literally: scholar) 'disciple, novice'; ''[[chu]]'' ,water', ''[[chu pa]]'' ,water carrier' ([[character omitted]]); ''[[rta]]'' ,horse', ''[[rta pa]]'' ,horseman'; ''[[dbus]]'' ,the province of [[dbus|U]]', ''[[dbus pa]]'' ,a man from [[dbus|U]]', ''[[khye'u]]'' ,boy', ''[[lo]]'' ,year', ''[[gnyis]]'' ,two', hence: ''[[khye'u]]'' ''[[lo]]'' ''[[gnyis]]'' ''[[pa]]'' ,a two years' boy'. If the feminine is required ''[[ma]]'' is either added to, or - more commonly - used instead of, the former: ''[[dbus ma]]'' ,a woman from [[dbus|U]]'; ''[[bu mo]]'' ''[[lo]]'' ''[[gnyis]]'' ''[[ma]]'' ,a two years' girl'. The performe of an action is more frequently denoted by ''[[po]]'' (or, in more solemn language, ''[[pa po]]''), though, in conversation at least, ''[[mkhan]]'', is preferred; ''[[byed pa]]'' ,to do, make'; doing making'; ''[[byed po]]', ''[[byed pa po]]'', ,[[byed mkhan]]'' ,the doer, the maker'.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=11._Peculiarities_of_the_Tibetan_Article&diff=42644611. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article2006-02-16T13:44:11Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
What have been called Articles by Csoma and Schmidt, are a number of little affixes: ''[[pa]]'' ''[[ba]]'' ''[[ma]]'' ''[[po]]'' ''[[bo]]'' ''[[mo]]'', and some similar ones, which might perhaps be more adequately termed denominators, since their principle object is undoubtedly to represent a given root as a [[Noun|noun]], [[Substantive|substantive]] or [[Adjective|adjective]], as is most clearly perceptible in the instance of the roots of the verbs, to which ''[[pa]]'' or ''[[ba]]'' impart the notion of the [[Infinitive]] and [[Participle]], or the nearest abstract and nearest concrete nouns that can possibly be formed from the idea of a verb. These affixes are not, however, - except in this case - essential to a noun, as many substantives and adjectives and most of the pronouns are never accompanied by them, and even those which usually appear connected with them, will drop them upon the slightest occaision.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
Almost the only case in which a syntactical use of them, like that of the English [[Definite Article|definite Article]], is perceptible, is that mentioned [[20. Remarks#.3|20.3]]; a formal one, that of distinguishing the [[Gender]], occurs in a limited number of words, where ''[[mo]]'' denotes the female, ''[[po]]'' the masculine.<BR><BR><br />
<br />
Thus: ''[[rgyal po]]'' ,king', ''[[rgyal mo]]'' ,queen'. Or, if the word in the masculine (or rather common) gender has no article, ''[[mo]]'' is added: ''[[seng ge]]'' ,lion', ''[[seng ge mo]]'' ,lioness'.<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
In most instances, by far, their only only use is to distinguish different meanings of [[homonym|homonymous]] roots, [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[ston pa]]'' ,teacher'; ''[[ston mo]]'' ,feast'; ''[[ston kha]]'' ,autumn'. Even this advantage, however, is given up, as soon as a composition takes place, and then the meaning can only be inferred from the context, or known from usage: ''[[ming ston]]'' (from ''[[ston mo]]'') ,name feast' (given on the occaision of naming or christening an infant); ''[[ston zla]]'' (from ''[[ston kha]]'') ,autumnal month'. In some instances the putting or omitting of these articles is optional; more frequently the usage varies in different provinces.<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
The peculiar nature of these affixes is most clearly shown by the manner in which they are connected with the indefinite article [[13. The Indefinite Article|13]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=shravakas&diff=203995shravakas2006-02-16T13:44:11Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
What have been called Articles by Csoma and Schmidt, are a number of little affixes: ''[[pa]]'' ''[[ba]]'' ''[[ma]]'' ''[[po]]'' ''[[bo]]'' ''[[mo]]'', and some similar ones, which might perhaps be more adequately termed denominators, since their principle object is undoubtedly to represent a given root as a [[Noun|noun]], [[Substantive|substantive]] or [[Adjective|adjective]], as is most clearly perceptible in the instance of the roots of the verbs, to which ''[[pa]]'' or ''[[ba]]'' impart the notion of the [[Infinitive]] and [[Participle]], or the nearest abstract and nearest concrete nouns that can possibly be formed from the idea of a verb. These affixes are not, however, - except in this case - essential to a noun, as many substantives and adjectives and most of the pronouns are never accompanied by them, and even those which usually appear connected with them, will drop them upon the slightest occaision.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
Almost the only case in which a syntactical use of them, like that of the English [[Definite Article|definite Article]], is perceptible, is that mentioned [[20. Remarks#.3|20.3]]; a formal one, that of distinguishing the [[Gender]], occurs in a limited number of words, where ''[[mo]]'' denotes the female, ''[[po]]'' the masculine.<BR><BR><br />
<br />
Thus: ''[[rgyal po]]'' ,king', ''[[rgyal mo]]'' ,queen'. Or, if the word in the masculine (or rather common) gender has no article, ''[[mo]]'' is added: ''[[seng ge]]'' ,lion', ''[[seng ge mo]]'' ,lioness'.<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
In most instances, by far, their only only use is to distinguish different meanings of [[homonym|homonymous]] roots, [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[ston pa]]'' ,teacher'; ''[[ston mo]]'' ,feast'; ''[[ston kha]]'' ,autumn'. Even this advantage, however, is given up, as soon as a composition takes place, and then the meaning can only be inferred from the context, or known from usage: ''[[ming ston]]'' (from ''[[ston mo]]'') ,name feast' (given on the occaision of naming or christening an infant); ''[[ston zla]]'' (from ''[[ston kha]]'') ,autumnal month'. In some instances the putting or omitting of these articles is optional; more frequently the usage varies in different provinces.<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
The peculiar nature of these affixes is most clearly shown by the manner in which they are connected with the indefinite article [[13. The Indefinite Article|13]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=11._Peculiarities_of_the_Tibetan_Article&diff=42644511. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article2006-02-16T13:29:22Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
What have been called Articles by Csoma and Schmidt, are a number of little affixes: ''[[pa]]'' ''[[ba]]'' ''[[ma]]'' ''[[po]]'' ''[[bo]]'' ''[[mo]]'', and some similar ones, which might perhaps be more adequately termed denominators, since their principle object is undoubtedly to represent a given root as a [[Noun|noun]], [[Substantive|substantive]] or [[Adjective|adjective]], as is most clearly perceptible in the instance of the roots of the verbs, to which ''[[pa]]'' or ''[[ba]]'' impart the notion of the [[Infinitive]] and [[Participle]], or the nearest abstract and nearest concrete nouns that can possibly be formed from the idea of a verb. These affixes are not, however, - except in this case - essential to a noun, as many substantives and adjectives and mostof the pronouns are never accompanied by them, and even those which usually appear connected with them, will drop them upon the slightest occaision.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
Almost the only case in which a syntactical use of them, like that of the English [[Definite Article|definite Article]], is perceptible, is that mentioned [[20. Remarks#.3|20.3]]; a formal one, that of distinguishing the [[Gender]], occurs in a limited number of owrds, where ''[[mo]]'' denotes the female, ''[[po]]'' the maculine.<BR><BR><br />
<br />
Thus: ''[[rgyal po]]'' ,king', ''[[rgyal mo]]'' ,queen'. Or, if the word in the masculine (or rather common) gender has no article, ''[[mo]]'' is added: ''[[seng ge]]'' ,lion', ''[[seng ge mo]]'' ,lioness'.<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=shravakas&diff=203994shravakas2006-02-16T13:29:22Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
What have been called Articles by Csoma and Schmidt, are a number of little affixes: ''[[pa]]'' ''[[ba]]'' ''[[ma]]'' ''[[po]]'' ''[[bo]]'' ''[[mo]]'', and some similar ones, which might perhaps be more adequately termed denominators, since their principle object is undoubtedly to represent a given root as a [[Noun|noun]], [[Substantive|substantive]] or [[Adjective|adjective]], as is most clearly perceptible in the instance of the roots of the verbs, to which ''[[pa]]'' or ''[[ba]]'' impart the notion of the [[Infinitive]] and [[Participle]], or the nearest abstract and nearest concrete nouns that can possibly be formed from the idea of a verb. These affixes are not, however, - except in this case - essential to a noun, as many substantives and adjectives and mostof the pronouns are never accompanied by them, and even those which usually appear connected with them, will drop them upon the slightest occaision.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
Almost the only case in which a syntactical use of them, like that of the English [[Definite Article|definite Article]], is perceptible, is that mentioned [[20. Remarks#.3|20.3]]; a formal one, that of distinguishing the [[Gender]], occurs in a limited number of owrds, where ''[[mo]]'' denotes the female, ''[[po]]'' the maculine.<BR><BR><br />
<br />
Thus: ''[[rgyal po]]'' ,king', ''[[rgyal mo]]'' ,queen'. Or, if the word in the masculine (or rather common) gender has no article, ''[[mo]]'' is added: ''[[seng ge]]'' ,lion', ''[[seng ge mo]]'' ,lioness'.<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=Second_Edition_of_H.A._Jaeschke%27s_%27Tibetan_Grammar%27&diff=423606Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar'2006-02-16T13:24:29Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Contents'''<br />
<br />
this section is a work in progress ! ;)<br />
<br />
[[Preface|Preface (1883)]]<BR><br />
[[Online Preface|Preface (online)]]<BR><br />
[[Abbreviations]]<br />
<br />
'''1. Phonology.'''<br />
<br />
[[1. Alphabet]]<BR><br />
[[2. Remarks]]<BR><br />
[[3. Vowels]]<BR><br />
[[4. Syllables]]<BR><br />
[[5. Final Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[6. Dipthongs]]<BR><br />
[[7. Compound Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[8. Prefixed Letters]]<BR><br />
[[9. Word; Accent; Quantity]]<BR><br />
[[10. Punctuation]]<BR><br />
<br />
[[List of a Few Useful Words]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
'''2. Etymology.'''<BR><br />
<br />
I. Article.<BR><br />
[[11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article]]<BR><br />
[[12. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other]]<BR><br />
[[13. The Indefinite Article]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
II. Substantive.<BR><br />
[[14. Number]]<BR><br />
[[15. Declension]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
III. Adjective.<BR><br />
[[16. Relation to the Substantive]]<BR><br />
[[17. Comparison]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
IV. Numerals.<BR><br />
[[18. Cardinal Numerals]]<BR><br />
[[19. Ordinal Numerals]]<BR><br />
[[20. Remarks.]]<BR><br />
[[21. Distributive Numerals]]<BR><br />
[[22. Adverbial Numerals]]<BR><br />
[[23. Fractional Numerals]]<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar]]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=Category:Kalachakra&diff=201156Category:Kalachakra2006-02-16T13:24:29Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Contents'''<br />
<br />
this section is a work in progress ! ;)<br />
<br />
[[Preface|Preface (1883)]]<BR><br />
[[Online Preface|Preface (online)]]<BR><br />
[[Abbreviations]]<br />
<br />
'''1. Phonology.'''<br />
<br />
[[1. Alphabet]]<BR><br />
[[2. Remarks]]<BR><br />
[[3. Vowels]]<BR><br />
[[4. Syllables]]<BR><br />
[[5. Final Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[6. Dipthongs]]<BR><br />
[[7. Compound Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[8. Prefixed Letters]]<BR><br />
[[9. Word; Accent; Quantity]]<BR><br />
[[10. Punctuation]]<BR><br />
<br />
[[List of a Few Useful Words]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
'''2. Etymology.'''<BR><br />
<br />
I. Article.<BR><br />
[[11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article]]<BR><br />
[[12. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other]]<BR><br />
[[13. The Indefinite Article]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
II. Substantive.<BR><br />
[[14. Number]]<BR><br />
[[15. Declension]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
III. Adjective.<BR><br />
[[16. Relation to the Substantive]]<BR><br />
[[17. Comparison]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
IV. Numerals.<BR><br />
[[18. Cardinal Numerals]]<BR><br />
[[19. Ordinal Numerals]]<BR><br />
[[20. Remarks.]]<BR><br />
[[21. Distributive Numerals]]<BR><br />
[[22. Adverbial Numerals]]<BR><br />
[[23. Fractional Numerals]]<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar]]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=List_of_a_Few_Useful_Words&diff=425167List of a Few Useful Words2006-02-02T14:36:32Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar.<BR><br />
''[[khang pa]]'', house.<BR><br />
''[[gang]]'', which?<BR><br />
''[[gur]]'', tent.<BR><br />
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue.<BR><br />
''[[ci]]'', what?<BR><br />
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment.<BR><br />
''[[chung ba]]'', little.<BR><br />
''[[ja]]'', tea.<BR><br />
''[[nyi ma]]'', sun.<BR><br />
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip.<BR><br />
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle.<BR><br />
''[[kun]]'', all.<BR><br />
''[[khung]]'', hole.<BR><br />
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where?<BR><br />
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad.<BR><br />
''[[chang]]'', beer.<BR><br />
''[[char pa]]'', rain.<BR><br />
''[[chen po]]'', great.<BR><br />
''[[nya]]'', fish.<BR><br />
''[[nyung ba]]'', little, few.<BR><br />
''[[nye mo]]'', near.<BR><br />
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe.<BR><br />
''[[thag pa]]'', rope.<BR><br />
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.<br />
''[[dang]]'', and; with.<BR><br />
''[[nag po]]'', black.<BR><br />
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property.<BR><br />
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit.<BR><br />
''[[ba]]'', cow.<BR><br />
''[[bu]]'', son.<BR><br />
''[[me]]'', fire.<BR><br />
''[[med]]'', there is not.<BR><br />
''[[tshang ma]]'', whole.<BR><br />
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk.<BR><br />
''[['od]]'', light, sunshine.<BR><br />
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.<br />
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are.<BR><br />
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain.<BR><br />
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass.<BR><br />
''[[lug]]'', sheep.<BR><br />
''[[thang]]'', the plain.<BR><br />
''[[da]]'', now.<BR><br />
''[[dud pa]]'', smoke.<BR><br />
''[[nad]]'', disease.<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=tregchod&diff=202716tregchod2006-02-02T14:36:32Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar.<BR><br />
''[[khang pa]]'', house.<BR><br />
''[[gang]]'', which?<BR><br />
''[[gur]]'', tent.<BR><br />
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue.<BR><br />
''[[ci]]'', what?<BR><br />
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment.<BR><br />
''[[chung ba]]'', little.<BR><br />
''[[ja]]'', tea.<BR><br />
''[[nyi ma]]'', sun.<BR><br />
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip.<BR><br />
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle.<BR><br />
''[[kun]]'', all.<BR><br />
''[[khung]]'', hole.<BR><br />
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where?<BR><br />
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad.<BR><br />
''[[chang]]'', beer.<BR><br />
''[[char pa]]'', rain.<BR><br />
''[[chen po]]'', great.<BR><br />
''[[nya]]'', fish.<BR><br />
''[[nyung ba]]'', little, few.<BR><br />
''[[nye mo]]'', near.<BR><br />
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe.<BR><br />
''[[thag pa]]'', rope.<BR><br />
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.<br />
''[[dang]]'', and; with.<BR><br />
''[[nag po]]'', black.<BR><br />
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property.<BR><br />
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit.<BR><br />
''[[ba]]'', cow.<BR><br />
''[[bu]]'', son.<BR><br />
''[[me]]'', fire.<BR><br />
''[[med]]'', there is not.<BR><br />
''[[tshang ma]]'', whole.<BR><br />
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk.<BR><br />
''[['od]]'', light, sunshine.<BR><br />
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.<br />
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are.<BR><br />
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain.<BR><br />
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass.<BR><br />
''[[lug]]'', sheep.<BR><br />
''[[thang]]'', the plain.<BR><br />
''[[da]]'', now.<BR><br />
''[[dud pa]]'', smoke.<BR><br />
''[[nad]]'', disease.<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=List_of_a_Few_Useful_Words&diff=425166List of a Few Useful Words2006-02-02T14:36:16Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar.<BR><br />
''[[khang pa]]'', house.<BR><br />
''[[gang]]'', which?<BR><br />
''[[gur]]'', tent.<BR><br />
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue.<BR><br />
''[[ci]]'', what?<BR><br />
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment.<BR><br />
''[[chung ba]]'', little.<BR><br />
''[[ja]]'', tea.<BR><br />
''[[nyi ma]]'', sun.<BR><br />
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip.<BR><br />
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle.<BR><br />
''[[kun]]'', all.<BR><br />
''[[khung]]'', hole.<BR><br />
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where?<BR><br />
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad.<BR><br />
''[[chang]]'', beer.<BR><br />
''[[char pa]]'', rain.<BR><br />
''[[chen po]]'', great.<BR><br />
''[[nya]]'', fish.<BR><br />
''[[nyung ba]]'', little, few.<BR><br />
''[[nye mo]]'', near.<BR><br />
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe.<BR><br />
''[[thag pa]]'', rope.<BR><br />
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.<br />
''[[dang]]'', and; with.<BR><br />
''[[nag po]]'', black.<BR><br />
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property.<BR><br />
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit.<BR><br />
''[[ba]]'', cow.<BR><br />
''[[bu]]'', son.<BR><br />
''[[me]]'', fire.<BR><br />
''[[med]]'', there is not.<BR><br />
''[[tshang ma]]'', whole.<BR><br />
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk.<BR><br />
''['od]]'', light, sunshine.<BR><br />
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.<br />
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are.<BR><br />
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain.<BR><br />
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass.<BR><br />
''[[lug]]'', sheep.<BR><br />
''[[thang]]'', the plain.<BR><br />
''[[da]]'', now.<BR><br />
''[[dud pa]]'', smoke.<BR><br />
''[[nad]]'', disease.<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=tregchod&diff=202715tregchod2006-02-02T14:36:16Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar.<BR><br />
''[[khang pa]]'', house.<BR><br />
''[[gang]]'', which?<BR><br />
''[[gur]]'', tent.<BR><br />
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue.<BR><br />
''[[ci]]'', what?<BR><br />
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment.<BR><br />
''[[chung ba]]'', little.<BR><br />
''[[ja]]'', tea.<BR><br />
''[[nyi ma]]'', sun.<BR><br />
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip.<BR><br />
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle.<BR><br />
''[[kun]]'', all.<BR><br />
''[[khung]]'', hole.<BR><br />
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where?<BR><br />
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad.<BR><br />
''[[chang]]'', beer.<BR><br />
''[[char pa]]'', rain.<BR><br />
''[[chen po]]'', great.<BR><br />
''[[nya]]'', fish.<BR><br />
''[[nyung ba]]'', little, few.<BR><br />
''[[nye mo]]'', near.<BR><br />
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe.<BR><br />
''[[thag pa]]'', rope.<BR><br />
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.<br />
''[[dang]]'', and; with.<BR><br />
''[[nag po]]'', black.<BR><br />
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property.<BR><br />
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit.<BR><br />
''[[ba]]'', cow.<BR><br />
''[[bu]]'', son.<BR><br />
''[[me]]'', fire.<BR><br />
''[[med]]'', there is not.<BR><br />
''[[tshang ma]]'', whole.<BR><br />
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk.<BR><br />
''['od]]'', light, sunshine.<BR><br />
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.<br />
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are.<BR><br />
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain.<BR><br />
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass.<BR><br />
''[[lug]]'', sheep.<BR><br />
''[[thang]]'', the plain.<BR><br />
''[[da]]'', now.<BR><br />
''[[dud pa]]'', smoke.<BR><br />
''[[nad]]'', disease.<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=List_of_a_Few_Useful_Words&diff=425165List of a Few Useful Words2006-02-02T14:35:43Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar.<BR><br />
''[[khang pa]]'', house.<BR><br />
''[[gang]]'', which?<BR><br />
''[[gur]]'', tent.<BR><br />
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue.<BR><br />
''[[ci]]'', what?<BR><br />
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment.<BR><br />
''[[chung ba]]'', little.<BR><br />
''[[ja]]'', tea.<BR><br />
'[[nyi ma]]'', sun.<BR><br />
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip.<BR><br />
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle.<BR><br />
''[[kun]]'', all.<BR><br />
''[[khung]]'', hole.<BR><br />
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where?<BR><br />
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad.<BR><br />
''[[chang]]'', beer.<BR><br />
''[[char pa]]'', rain.<BR><br />
''[[chen po]]'', great.<BR><br />
''[[nya]]'', fish.<BR><br />
''[nyung ba]]'', little, few.<BR><br />
''[[nye mo]]'', near.<BR><br />
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe.<BR><br />
''[[thag pa]]'', rope.<BR><br />
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.<br />
''[[dang]]'', and; with.<BR><br />
''[[nag po]]'', black.<BR><br />
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property.<BR><br />
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit.<BR><br />
''[[ba]]'', cow.<BR><br />
''[[bu]]'', son.<BR><br />
''[[me]]'', fire.<BR><br />
''[[med]]'', there is not.<BR><br />
''[[tshang ma]]'', whole.<BR><br />
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk.<BR><br />
''['od]]'', light, sunshine.<BR><br />
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.<br />
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are.<BR><br />
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain.<BR><br />
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass.<BR><br />
''[[lug]]'', sheep.<BR><br />
''[[thang]]'', the plain.<BR><br />
''[[da]]'', now.<BR><br />
''[[dud pa]]'', smoke.<BR><br />
''[[nad]]'', disease.<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=tregchod&diff=202714tregchod2006-02-02T14:35:43Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar.<BR><br />
''[[khang pa]]'', house.<BR><br />
''[[gang]]'', which?<BR><br />
''[[gur]]'', tent.<BR><br />
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue.<BR><br />
''[[ci]]'', what?<BR><br />
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment.<BR><br />
''[[chung ba]]'', little.<BR><br />
''[[ja]]'', tea.<BR><br />
'[[nyi ma]]'', sun.<BR><br />
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip.<BR><br />
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle.<BR><br />
''[[kun]]'', all.<BR><br />
''[[khung]]'', hole.<BR><br />
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where?<BR><br />
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad.<BR><br />
''[[chang]]'', beer.<BR><br />
''[[char pa]]'', rain.<BR><br />
''[[chen po]]'', great.<BR><br />
''[[nya]]'', fish.<BR><br />
''[nyung ba]]'', little, few.<BR><br />
''[[nye mo]]'', near.<BR><br />
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe.<BR><br />
''[[thag pa]]'', rope.<BR><br />
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.<br />
''[[dang]]'', and; with.<BR><br />
''[[nag po]]'', black.<BR><br />
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property.<BR><br />
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit.<BR><br />
''[[ba]]'', cow.<BR><br />
''[[bu]]'', son.<BR><br />
''[[me]]'', fire.<BR><br />
''[[med]]'', there is not.<BR><br />
''[[tshang ma]]'', whole.<BR><br />
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk.<BR><br />
''['od]]'', light, sunshine.<BR><br />
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.<br />
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are.<BR><br />
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain.<BR><br />
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass.<BR><br />
''[[lug]]'', sheep.<BR><br />
''[[thang]]'', the plain.<BR><br />
''[[da]]'', now.<BR><br />
''[[dud pa]]'', smoke.<BR><br />
''[[nad]]'', disease.<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=List_of_a_Few_Useful_Words&diff=425164List of a Few Useful Words2006-02-02T14:32:32Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar.<BR><br />
''[[khang pa]]'', house.<BR><br />
''[[gang]]'', which?<BR><br />
''[[gur]]'', tent.<BR><br />
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue.<BR><br />
''[[ci]]'', what?<BR><br />
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment.<BR><br />
''[[chung ba]]'', little.<BR><br />
''[[ja]]'', tea.<BR><br />
'[[nyi ma]]'', sun.<BR><br />
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip.<BR><br />
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle.<BR><br />
''[[kun]]'', all.<BR><br />
''[[khung]]'', hole.<BR><br />
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where?<BR><br />
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad.<BR><br />
''[[chang]]'', beer.<BR><br />
''[[char pa]]'', rain.<BR><br />
''[[chen po]]'', great.<BR><br />
''[[nya]]'', fish.<BR><br />
''[nyung ba]]'', little, few.<BR><br />
''[[nye mo]]'', near.<BR><br />
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe.<BR><br />
''[[thag pa]]'', rope.<BR><br />
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.<br />
''[[dang]]'', and; with.<BR><br />
''[[nag po]]'', black.<BR><br />
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property.<BR><br />
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit.<BR><br />
''[[ba]]'', cow.<BR><br />
''[[bu]]'', son.<BR><br />
''[[me]]'', fire.<BR><br />
''[[med]]'', there is not.<BR><br />
''[[tsang ma]]'', whole.<br />
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk.<BR><br />
''['od]]'', light, sunshine.<BR><br />
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.<br />
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are.<BR><br />
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain.<BR><br />
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass.<BR><br />
''[[lug]]'', sheep.<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=tregchod&diff=202713tregchod2006-02-02T14:32:32Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar.<BR><br />
''[[khang pa]]'', house.<BR><br />
''[[gang]]'', which?<BR><br />
''[[gur]]'', tent.<BR><br />
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue.<BR><br />
''[[ci]]'', what?<BR><br />
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment.<BR><br />
''[[chung ba]]'', little.<BR><br />
''[[ja]]'', tea.<BR><br />
'[[nyi ma]]'', sun.<BR><br />
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip.<BR><br />
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle.<BR><br />
''[[kun]]'', all.<BR><br />
''[[khung]]'', hole.<BR><br />
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where?<BR><br />
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad.<BR><br />
''[[chang]]'', beer.<BR><br />
''[[char pa]]'', rain.<BR><br />
''[[chen po]]'', great.<BR><br />
''[[nya]]'', fish.<BR><br />
''[nyung ba]]'', little, few.<BR><br />
''[[nye mo]]'', near.<BR><br />
''[[tog tse]]'', hoe.<BR><br />
''[[thag pa]]'', rope.<BR><br />
''[[thod pa]]'', skull.<br />
''[[dang]]'', and; with.<BR><br />
''[[nag po]]'', black.<BR><br />
''[[nor]]'', wealth, property.<BR><br />
''[[phan]]'', use, benefit.<BR><br />
''[[ba]]'', cow.<BR><br />
''[[bu]]'', son.<BR><br />
''[[me]]'', fire.<BR><br />
''[[med]]'', there is not.<BR><br />
''[[tsang ma]]'', whole.<br />
''[[zho]]'', curdled milk.<BR><br />
''['od]]'', light, sunshine.<BR><br />
''[[yi ge]]'', letter.<br />
''[[yod]]'', am, is, are.<BR><br />
''[[ri]]'', hill, mountain.<BR><br />
''[[la]]'', mountain-pass.<BR><br />
''[[lug]]'', sheep.<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=List_of_a_Few_Useful_Words&diff=425163List of a Few Useful Words2006-02-02T14:25:12Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar.<BR><br />
''[[khang pa]]'', house.<BR><br />
''[[gang]]'', which?<BR><br />
''[[gur]]'', tent.<BR><br />
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue.<BR><br />
''[[ci]]'', what?<BR><br />
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment.<BR><br />
''[[chung ba]]'', little.<BR><br />
''[[ja]]'', tea.<BR><br />
'[[nyi ma]]'', sun.<BR><br />
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip.<BR><br />
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle.<BR><br />
''[[kun]]'', all.<BR><br />
''[[khung]]'', hole.<BR><br />
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where?<BR><br />
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad.<BR><br />
''[[chang]]'', beer.<BR><br />
''[[char pa]]'', rain.<BR><br />
''[[chen po]]'', great.<BR><br />
''[[nya]]'', fish.<BR><br />
''[nyung ba]]'', little, few.<BR><br />
''[[nye mo]]'', near.<BR><br />
''[[dog tse]]'', hoe.<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=tregchod&diff=202712tregchod2006-02-02T14:25:12Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
''[[ka ra]]'', ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar.<BR><br />
''[[khang pa]]'', house.<BR><br />
''[[gang]]'', which?<BR><br />
''[[gur]]'', tent.<BR><br />
''[[ngal]]'', fatigue.<BR><br />
''[[ci]]'', what?<BR><br />
''[[chad pa]]'', punishment.<BR><br />
''[[chung ba]]'', little.<BR><br />
''[[ja]]'', tea.<BR><br />
'[[nyi ma]]'', sun.<BR><br />
''[[nyung ma]]'', turnip.<BR><br />
''[[tib ril]]'', tea-pot, kettle.<BR><br />
''[[kun]]'', all.<BR><br />
''[[khung]]'', hole.<BR><br />
''[[ga ru]]'', ''[[gar]]'', where?<BR><br />
''[[ngan pa]]'', bad.<BR><br />
''[[chang]]'', beer.<BR><br />
''[[char pa]]'', rain.<BR><br />
''[[chen po]]'', great.<BR><br />
''[[nya]]'', fish.<BR><br />
''[nyung ba]]'', little, few.<BR><br />
''[[nye mo]]'', near.<BR><br />
''[[dog tse]]'', hoe.<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=List_of_a_Few_Useful_Words&diff=425162List of a Few Useful Words2006-02-02T14:19:13Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
''[[ka ra]]'' ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar.<BR><br />
''[[khang pa]]'', house.<BR><br />
''[[gang]]'', which?<BR><br />
''[[gur]]'', tent.<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=tregchod&diff=202711tregchod2006-02-02T14:19:13Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
''[[ka ra]]'' ''[[kha ra]]'', sugar.<BR><br />
''[[khang pa]]'', house.<BR><br />
''[[gang]]'', which?<BR><br />
''[[gur]]'', tent.<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=10._Punctuation&diff=42516110. Punctuation2006-02-02T14:16:18Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
For separating the members of a longer period, a vertical stroke: / called ''[[shad]]'' ''shae'', is used, which corresponds at once to our comma, semicolon and colon; after the closing of a sentence the same is doubled; after a longer piece, [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] a chapter, four ''[[shad]]'''s are put. No marks of interrogation or exclamation exist in punctuation.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
In metrical compositions, the double ''[[shad]]'' is used for separating the single verses; in that case the logical partition of the sentence is not marked ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[4. Syllables|4]]).<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=tregcho&diff=202710tregcho2006-02-02T14:16:18Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
For separating the members of a longer period, a vertical stroke: / called ''[[shad]]'' ''shae'', is used, which corresponds at once to our comma, semicolon and colon; after the closing of a sentence the same is doubled; after a longer piece, [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] a chapter, four ''[[shad]]'''s are put. No marks of interrogation or exclamation exist in punctuation.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
In metrical compositions, the double ''[[shad]]'' is used for separating the single verses; in that case the logical partition of the sentence is not marked ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[4. Syllables|4]]).<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=9._Word;_Accent;_Quantity&diff=4250979. Word; Accent; Quantity2006-02-01T13:02:22Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The peculiarity of the Tibetan mode of writing in distinctly marking the word-syllables, but not the words ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[4. Syllables|4]]) composed of two or more of these, sometimes renders is doubtful what is to be rgarded as one word.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
There exist a great number of small monosyllables, which serve for denoting different shades of notions, grammatical relations etc., and are postponed to the word in question; but never alter its original shape, though their own initials are not seldom influenced by its final consonant ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[15. Declension.|15]]).<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
Such monosyllables may conveniently be regarded as terminations, forming one word together with the preceeding nominal or verbal root.<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
The accent is, in such cases, most naturally given to the root, or, in compounds, generally to the latter part of the composition, as: ''[[mig]]'' ,eye', ''[[mig gi]]'' ,of the eye'; ''[[lag]]'' ,hand', [[lag shubs]]'', ,hand covering, glove'.<br />
<br />
== .5 == <br />
Equally natural is, in [[Abbreviations|WT.]], the quantity of the vowels: accentuated vowels, when closing the syllable, are comparatively long (though never so long as in the English words ''bee, stay'', or the [[Hindi]] [[character omitted]] etc.), otherwise short, as ''[[mi]]'' ,man', ''[[mi la]]'' ,to the man', but ''[[mar]]'' ,butter'. - In [[Abbreviations|CT]], however, even accentuated and closing vowels are uttered very shortly: ''mi, mi-la'' etc., and long ones occur there only in the case of [[5. Final Consonants|5]], [[4. Syllables#.5|4.5]] and [[8. Prefixed Letters#.2|8.2]], as ''[[las]]'' ''lae'' ,work'; ''[[chos]]'' ''choe'' ,religion'; ''[[mda']]'' ''da'' ,arrow'; ''[[gza']]'' ''za'' ,planet'; and in Lhasa especially: ''[[nags]]'' ''na'' ,forest'; ''[[legs pa]]'' ''le-pa'' ,good'; ''[[rigs]]'' ''ri'' ,class, sort'; ''[[logs]]'' ''lo'' ,side'; ''[[lugs]]'' ''lu'' ,manner'. - In [[Sanscrit]] words the long vowels are marked by an ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' beneath the consonant, as: ''[[n'a ma]]'' ([[character omitted]]) ,called', ''[[m'u la]]'' ([[character omitted]]) ,root' ([[Abbreviations|s.]] [[3. Vowels|3]]).<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=Three_Mantras&diff=202646Three Mantras2006-02-01T13:02:22Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The peculiarity of the Tibetan mode of writing in distinctly marking the word-syllables, but not the words ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[4. Syllables|4]]) composed of two or more of these, sometimes renders is doubtful what is to be rgarded as one word.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
There exist a great number of small monosyllables, which serve for denoting different shades of notions, grammatical relations etc., and are postponed to the word in question; but never alter its original shape, though their own initials are not seldom influenced by its final consonant ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[15. Declension.|15]]).<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
Such monosyllables may conveniently be regarded as terminations, forming one word together with the preceeding nominal or verbal root.<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
The accent is, in such cases, most naturally given to the root, or, in compounds, generally to the latter part of the composition, as: ''[[mig]]'' ,eye', ''[[mig gi]]'' ,of the eye'; ''[[lag]]'' ,hand', [[lag shubs]]'', ,hand covering, glove'.<br />
<br />
== .5 == <br />
Equally natural is, in [[Abbreviations|WT.]], the quantity of the vowels: accentuated vowels, when closing the syllable, are comparatively long (though never so long as in the English words ''bee, stay'', or the [[Hindi]] [[character omitted]] etc.), otherwise short, as ''[[mi]]'' ,man', ''[[mi la]]'' ,to the man', but ''[[mar]]'' ,butter'. - In [[Abbreviations|CT]], however, even accentuated and closing vowels are uttered very shortly: ''mi, mi-la'' etc., and long ones occur there only in the case of [[5. Final Consonants|5]], [[4. Syllables#.5|4.5]] and [[8. Prefixed Letters#.2|8.2]], as ''[[las]]'' ''lae'' ,work'; ''[[chos]]'' ''choe'' ,religion'; ''[[mda']]'' ''da'' ,arrow'; ''[[gza']]'' ''za'' ,planet'; and in Lhasa especially: ''[[nags]]'' ''na'' ,forest'; ''[[legs pa]]'' ''le-pa'' ,good'; ''[[rigs]]'' ''ri'' ,class, sort'; ''[[logs]]'' ''lo'' ,side'; ''[[lugs]]'' ''lu'' ,manner'. - In [[Sanscrit]] words the long vowels are marked by an ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' beneath the consonant, as: ''[[n'a ma]]'' ([[character omitted]]) ,called', ''[[m'u la]]'' ([[character omitted]]) ,root' ([[Abbreviations|s.]] [[3. Vowels|3]]).<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=Online_Preface&diff=425095Online Preface2006-02-01T12:33:00Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>this is currently just notes ! ;)<br />
<br />
1 - explain about the unusual charcters, wylie and hopes for the future display of characters<br />
<br />
2 - explain that spelling mistakes have been corrected, but all syntax is true to jaeschke, even where it is a little strange.<br />
<br />
3 - explain hopes to expand the grammar terminology.<br />
<br />
4 - abbreviation list, as the 1883 ed, not been expanded. sometimes he uses an abbreviation not in teh list, these have not been hyper-linked, since they are generally self explanatory.</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=mantra&diff=202644mantra2006-02-01T12:33:00Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>this is currently just notes ! ;)<br />
<br />
1 - explain about the unusual charcters, wylie and hopes for the future display of characters<br />
<br />
2 - explain that spelling mistakes have been corrected, but all syntax is true to jaeschke, even where it is a little strange.<br />
<br />
3 - explain hopes to expand the grammar terminology.<br />
<br />
4 - abbreviation list, as the 1883 ed, not been expanded. sometimes he uses an abbreviation not in teh list, these have not been hyper-linked, since they are generally self explanatory.</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=9._Word;_Accent;_Quantity&diff=4250969. Word; Accent; Quantity2006-02-01T12:30:42Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The peculiarity of the Tibetan mode of writing in distinctly marking the word-syllables, but not the words ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[4. Syllables|4]]) composed of two or more of these, sometimes renders is doubtful what is to be rgarded as one word.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
There exist a great number of small monosyllables, which serve for denoting different shades of notions, grammatical relations etc., and are postponed to the word in question; but never alter its original shape, though their own initials are not seldom influenced by its final consonant ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[15. Declension.|15]]).<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
Such monosyllables may conveniently be regarded as terminations, forming one word together with the preceeding nominal or verbal root.<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
The accent is, in such cases, most naturally given to the root, or, in compounds, generally to the latter part of the composition, as: ''[[mig]]'' ,eye', ''[[mig gi]]'' ,of the eye'; ''[[lag]]'' ,hand', [[lag shubs]]'' ,'hand covering, glove'.<br />
<br />
== .5 == <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=Three_Mantras&diff=202645Three Mantras2006-02-01T12:30:42Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The peculiarity of the Tibetan mode of writing in distinctly marking the word-syllables, but not the words ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[4. Syllables|4]]) composed of two or more of these, sometimes renders is doubtful what is to be rgarded as one word.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
There exist a great number of small monosyllables, which serve for denoting different shades of notions, grammatical relations etc., and are postponed to the word in question; but never alter its original shape, though their own initials are not seldom influenced by its final consonant ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[15. Declension.|15]]).<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
Such monosyllables may conveniently be regarded as terminations, forming one word together with the preceeding nominal or verbal root.<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
The accent is, in such cases, most naturally given to the root, or, in compounds, generally to the latter part of the composition, as: ''[[mig]]'' ,eye', ''[[mig gi]]'' ,of the eye'; ''[[lag]]'' ,hand', [[lag shubs]]'' ,'hand covering, glove'.<br />
<br />
== .5 == <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=Second_Edition_of_H.A._Jaeschke%27s_%27Tibetan_Grammar%27&diff=423605Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar'2006-02-01T12:22:31Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Contents'''<br />
<br />
this section is a work in progress ! ;)<br />
<br />
[[Preface|Preface (1883)]]<BR><br />
[[Online Preface|Preface (online)]]<BR><br />
[[Abbreviations]]<br />
<br />
'''1. Phonology.'''<br />
<br />
[[1. Alphabet]]<BR><br />
[[2. Remarks]]<BR><br />
[[3. Vowels]]<BR><br />
[[4. Syllables]]<BR><br />
[[5. Final Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[6. Dipthongs]]<BR><br />
[[7. Compound Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[8. Prefixed Letters]]<BR><br />
[[9. Word; Accent; Quantity]]<BR><br />
[[10. Punctuation]]<BR><br />
<br />
[[List of a Few Useful Words]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
'''2. Etymology.'''<BR><br />
<br />
I. Article.<BR><br />
[[11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article]]<BR><br />
[[12. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other.]]<BR><br />
[[13. The Indefinite Article.]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
II. Substantive<BR><br />
[[14. Number.]]<BR><br />
[[15. Declension.]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
III. Adjective.<BR><br />
[[16. Relation to the Substantive]]<BR><br />
[[17. Comparison.]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
IV. Numerals.<BR><br />
[[18. Cardinal Numerals.]]<BR><br />
[[19. Ordinal Numerals.]]<BR><br />
[[20. Remarks.]]<BR><br />
[[21. Distributive Numerals.]]<BR><br />
[[22. Adverbial Numerals.]]<BR><br />
[[23. Fractional Numerals.]]<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar]]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=Category:Kalachakra&diff=201155Category:Kalachakra2006-02-01T12:22:31Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Contents'''<br />
<br />
this section is a work in progress ! ;)<br />
<br />
[[Preface|Preface (1883)]]<BR><br />
[[Online Preface|Preface (online)]]<BR><br />
[[Abbreviations]]<br />
<br />
'''1. Phonology.'''<br />
<br />
[[1. Alphabet]]<BR><br />
[[2. Remarks]]<BR><br />
[[3. Vowels]]<BR><br />
[[4. Syllables]]<BR><br />
[[5. Final Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[6. Dipthongs]]<BR><br />
[[7. Compound Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[8. Prefixed Letters]]<BR><br />
[[9. Word; Accent; Quantity]]<BR><br />
[[10. Punctuation]]<BR><br />
<br />
[[List of a Few Useful Words]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
'''2. Etymology.'''<BR><br />
<br />
I. Article.<BR><br />
[[11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article]]<BR><br />
[[12. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other.]]<BR><br />
[[13. The Indefinite Article.]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
II. Substantive<BR><br />
[[14. Number.]]<BR><br />
[[15. Declension.]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
III. Adjective.<BR><br />
[[16. Relation to the Substantive]]<BR><br />
[[17. Comparison.]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
IV. Numerals.<BR><br />
[[18. Cardinal Numerals.]]<BR><br />
[[19. Ordinal Numerals.]]<BR><br />
[[20. Remarks.]]<BR><br />
[[21. Distributive Numerals.]]<BR><br />
[[22. Adverbial Numerals.]]<BR><br />
[[23. Fractional Numerals.]]<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar]]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=Online_Preface&diff=425094Online Preface2006-02-01T12:12:14Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>this is currently just notes ! ;)<br />
<br />
1 - explain about the unusual charcters, wylie and hopes for the future display of characters<br />
<br />
2 - explain that spelling mistakes have been corrected, but all syntax is true to jaeschke, even where it is a little strange.<br />
<br />
3 - explain hopes to expand the grammar terminology.</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=mantra&diff=202643mantra2006-02-01T12:12:14Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>this is currently just notes ! ;)<br />
<br />
1 - explain about the unusual charcters, wylie and hopes for the future display of characters<br />
<br />
2 - explain that spelling mistakes have been corrected, but all syntax is true to jaeschke, even where it is a little strange.<br />
<br />
3 - explain hopes to expand the grammar terminology.</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=Second_Edition_of_H.A._Jaeschke%27s_%27Tibetan_Grammar%27&diff=423604Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar'2006-02-01T12:09:25Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Contents'''<br />
<br />
this section is a work in progress ! ;)<br />
<br />
[[Preface|Preface (1883)]]<BR><br />
[[Online Preface|Preface (online)]]<BR><br />
[[Abbreviations]]<br />
<br />
'''1. Phonology.'''<br />
<br />
[[1. Alphabet]]<BR><br />
[[2. Remarks]]<BR><br />
[[3. Vowels]]<BR><br />
[[4. Syllables]]<BR><br />
[[5. Final Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[6. Dipthongs]]<BR><br />
[[7. Compound Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[8. Prefixed Letters]]<BR><br />
[[9. Word; Accent; Quantity]]<BR><br />
[[10. Punctuation]]<BR><br />
<br />
[[List of a Few Useful Words]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
'''2. Etymology.'''<BR><br />
I. Article.<BR><br />
[[11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article]]<BR><br />
[[12. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other.]]<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar]]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=Category:Kalachakra&diff=201154Category:Kalachakra2006-02-01T12:09:25Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Contents'''<br />
<br />
this section is a work in progress ! ;)<br />
<br />
[[Preface|Preface (1883)]]<BR><br />
[[Online Preface|Preface (online)]]<BR><br />
[[Abbreviations]]<br />
<br />
'''1. Phonology.'''<br />
<br />
[[1. Alphabet]]<BR><br />
[[2. Remarks]]<BR><br />
[[3. Vowels]]<BR><br />
[[4. Syllables]]<BR><br />
[[5. Final Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[6. Dipthongs]]<BR><br />
[[7. Compound Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[8. Prefixed Letters]]<BR><br />
[[9. Word; Accent; Quantity]]<BR><br />
[[10. Punctuation]]<BR><br />
<br />
[[List of a Few Useful Words]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
'''2. Etymology.'''<BR><br />
I. Article.<BR><br />
[[11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article]]<BR><br />
[[12. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other.]]<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar]]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=Second_Edition_of_H.A._Jaeschke%27s_%27Tibetan_Grammar%27&diff=423603Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar'2006-02-01T12:06:22Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Contents'''<br />
<br />
this section is a work in progress ! ;)<br />
<br />
[[Preface to the 1883 edition.]]<BR><br />
[[Preface to this online edition.]]<BR><br />
[[Abbreviations]]<br />
<br />
'''1. Phonology.'''<br />
<br />
[[1. Alphabet]]<BR><br />
[[2. Remarks]]<BR><br />
[[3. Vowels]]<BR><br />
[[4. Syllables]]<BR><br />
[[5. Final Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[6. Dipthongs]]<BR><br />
[[7. Compound Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[8. Prefixed Letters]]<BR><br />
[[9. Word; Accent; Quantity]]<BR><br />
[[10. Punctuation]]<BR><br />
<br />
[[List of a Few Useful Words]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
'''2. Etymology.'''<BR><br />
I. Article.<BR><br />
[[11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article]]<BR><br />
[[12. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other.]]<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar]]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=Category:Kalachakra&diff=201153Category:Kalachakra2006-02-01T12:06:22Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Contents'''<br />
<br />
this section is a work in progress ! ;)<br />
<br />
[[Preface to the 1883 edition.]]<BR><br />
[[Preface to this online edition.]]<BR><br />
[[Abbreviations]]<br />
<br />
'''1. Phonology.'''<br />
<br />
[[1. Alphabet]]<BR><br />
[[2. Remarks]]<BR><br />
[[3. Vowels]]<BR><br />
[[4. Syllables]]<BR><br />
[[5. Final Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[6. Dipthongs]]<BR><br />
[[7. Compound Consonants]]<BR><br />
[[8. Prefixed Letters]]<BR><br />
[[9. Word; Accent; Quantity]]<BR><br />
[[10. Punctuation]]<BR><br />
<br />
[[List of a Few Useful Words]]<BR><BR><br />
<br />
'''2. Etymology.'''<BR><br />
I. Article.<BR><br />
[[11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article]]<BR><br />
[[12. Difference of the Articles Among Each Other.]]<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar]]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=8._Prefixed_Letters&diff=4250338. Prefixed Letters2006-02-01T11:59:51Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]<br />
<br />
== .5 ==<br />
'''Examples:'''<BR><br />
<br />
''[[g.yag]]'' ''yak'' - bos grunniens, yak.<BR><br />
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe-cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe-cha'' - book.<BR><br />
''[[bzang po]]'' ''sang-po'' - good.<BR><br />
''[['bab pa]]'' ''bap-pa'' - to descend.<BR><br />
''[['bang]]'' wang, [[Abbreviations|vulg.]][[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ang'' - power.<BR><br />
''[[dbus]]'' ''Ue'' - name of the Lhasa district.<BR><br />
''[[dben pa]]'' ''en-pa'' - solitude.<BR><br />
''[[dbyibs]]'' ''yib(s), ib'' - figure.<BR><br />
''[[dkar po]]'' ''kar-po'' - white.<BR><br />
''[[dgra bo]]'' ''dra-wo'' - enemy.<BR><br />
''[[mngar mo]]'' ''ngar-mo'' - sweet.<BR><br />
''[[bcu bzhi]]'' ''chub-zhi'', [[Abbreviations|Eleg.]] ''cu-zhi'' - fourteen.<BR><br />
''[[dbu]]'' ''u'' resp. - head.<BR><br />
''[[dbugs]]'' ''ug(s)'', [[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ug, u'' - breath.<BR><br />
''[[dbyar ka]]'' ''yar ka'' - summer.<BR><br />
''[[dbye ba]]'' ''ye-wa, e-wa'' - difference.<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=three_kayas&diff=202582three kayas2006-02-01T11:59:51Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]<br />
<br />
== .5 ==<br />
'''Examples:'''<BR><br />
<br />
''[[g.yag]]'' ''yak'' - bos grunniens, yak.<BR><br />
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe-cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe-cha'' - book.<BR><br />
''[[bzang po]]'' ''sang-po'' - good.<BR><br />
''[['bab pa]]'' ''bap-pa'' - to descend.<BR><br />
''[['bang]]'' wang, [[Abbreviations|vulg.]][[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ang'' - power.<BR><br />
''[[dbus]]'' ''Ue'' - name of the Lhasa district.<BR><br />
''[[dben pa]]'' ''en-pa'' - solitude.<BR><br />
''[[dbyibs]]'' ''yib(s), ib'' - figure.<BR><br />
''[[dkar po]]'' ''kar-po'' - white.<BR><br />
''[[dgra bo]]'' ''dra-wo'' - enemy.<BR><br />
''[[mngar mo]]'' ''ngar-mo'' - sweet.<BR><br />
''[[bcu bzhi]]'' ''chub-zhi'', [[Abbreviations|Eleg.]] ''cu-zhi'' - fourteen.<BR><br />
''[[dbu]]'' ''u'' resp. - head.<BR><br />
''[[dbugs]]'' ''ug(s)'', [[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ug, u'' - breath.<BR><br />
''[[dbyar ka]]'' ''yar ka'' - summer.<BR><br />
''[[dbye ba]]'' ''ye-wa, e-wa'' - difference.<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=8._Prefixed_Letters&diff=4250328. Prefixed Letters2006-01-31T10:42:40Z<p>DanBallance: /* .5 */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]<br />
<br />
== .5 ==<br />
'''Examples:'''<BR><br />
<br />
''[[g.yag]]'' ''yak'' - bos grunniens, yak.<BR><br />
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe-cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe-cha'' - book.<BR><br />
''[[bzang po]]'' ''sang-po'' - good.<BR><br />
''[['bab pa]]'' ''bap-pa'' - to descend.<BR><br />
''[['bang]]'' wang, [[Abbreviations|vulg.]][[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ang'' - power.<BR><br />
''[[dbus]]'' ''Ue'' - name of the Lhasa district.<BR><br />
''[[dben pa]]'' ''en-pa'' - solitude.<BR><br />
''[[dbyibs]]'' ''yib(s), ib'' - figure.<BR><br />
''[[dkar po]]'' ''kar-po'' - white.<BR><br />
''[[dgra bo]]'' ''dra-wo'' - enemy.<BR><br />
''[[mngar mo]]'' ''ngar-mo'' - sweet.<BR><br />
''[[bcu bzhi]]'' ''chub-zhi'', [[Abbreviations|Eleg.]] ''cu-zhi'' - fourteen.<BR><br />
''[[dbu]]'' ''u'' resp. - head.<BR><br />
''[[dbugs]]'' ''ug(s)'', [[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ug, u'' - breath.<BR><br />
''[[dbyar ka]]'' ''yar ka'' - summer.<BR><br />
''[[dbye ba]]'' ''ye-wa, e-wa'' - difference.<BR></div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=three_kayas&diff=202581three kayas2006-01-31T10:42:40Z<p>DanBallance: /* .5 */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]<br />
<br />
== .5 ==<br />
'''Examples:'''<BR><br />
<br />
''[[g.yag]]'' ''yak'' - bos grunniens, yak.<BR><br />
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe-cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe-cha'' - book.<BR><br />
''[[bzang po]]'' ''sang-po'' - good.<BR><br />
''[['bab pa]]'' ''bap-pa'' - to descend.<BR><br />
''[['bang]]'' wang, [[Abbreviations|vulg.]][[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ang'' - power.<BR><br />
''[[dbus]]'' ''Ue'' - name of the Lhasa district.<BR><br />
''[[dben pa]]'' ''en-pa'' - solitude.<BR><br />
''[[dbyibs]]'' ''yib(s), ib'' - figure.<BR><br />
''[[dkar po]]'' ''kar-po'' - white.<BR><br />
''[[dgra bo]]'' ''dra-wo'' - enemy.<BR><br />
''[[mngar mo]]'' ''ngar-mo'' - sweet.<BR><br />
''[[bcu bzhi]]'' ''chub-zhi'', [[Abbreviations|Eleg.]] ''cu-zhi'' - fourteen.<BR><br />
''[[dbu]]'' ''u'' resp. - head.<BR><br />
''[[dbugs]]'' ''ug(s)'', [[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ug, u'' - breath.<BR><br />
''[[dbyar ka]]'' ''yar ka'' - summer.<BR><br />
''[[dbye ba]]'' ''ye-wa, e-wa'' - difference.<BR></div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=8._Prefixed_Letters&diff=4250318. Prefixed Letters2006-01-31T10:41:32Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]<br />
<br />
== .5 ==<br />
'''Examples:'''<BR><br />
<br />
''[[gyag]]'' ''yak'' - bos grunniens, yak.<BR><br />
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe-cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe-cha'' - book.<BR><br />
''[[bzang po]]'' ''sang-po'' - good.<BR><br />
''[['bab pa]]'' ''bap-pa'' - to descend.<BR><br />
''[['bang]]'' wang, [[Abbreviations|vulg.]][[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ang'' - power.<BR><br />
''[[dbus]]'' ''Ue'' - name of the Lhasa district.<BR><br />
''[[dben pa]]'' ''en-pa'' - solitude.<BR><br />
''[[dbyibs]]'' ''yib(s), ib'' - figure.<BR><br />
''[[dkar po]]'' ''kar-po'' - white.<BR><br />
''[[dgra bo]]'' ''dra-wo'' - enemy.<BR><br />
''[[mngar mo]]'' ''ngar-mo'' - sweet.<BR><br />
''[[bcu bzhi]]'' ''chub-zhi'', [[Abbreviations|Eleg.]] ''cu-zhi'' - fourteen.<BR><br />
''[[dbu]]'' ''u'' resp. - head.<BR><br />
''[[dbugs]]'' ''ug(s)'', [[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ug, u'' - breath.<BR><br />
''[[dbyar ka]]'' ''yar ka'' - summer.<BR><br />
''[[dbye ba]]'' ''ye-wa, e-wa'' - difference.<BR></div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=three_kayas&diff=202580three kayas2006-01-31T10:41:32Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]<br />
<br />
== .5 ==<br />
'''Examples:'''<BR><br />
<br />
''[[gyag]]'' ''yak'' - bos grunniens, yak.<BR><br />
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe-cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe-cha'' - book.<BR><br />
''[[bzang po]]'' ''sang-po'' - good.<BR><br />
''[['bab pa]]'' ''bap-pa'' - to descend.<BR><br />
''[['bang]]'' wang, [[Abbreviations|vulg.]][[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ang'' - power.<BR><br />
''[[dbus]]'' ''Ue'' - name of the Lhasa district.<BR><br />
''[[dben pa]]'' ''en-pa'' - solitude.<BR><br />
''[[dbyibs]]'' ''yib(s), ib'' - figure.<BR><br />
''[[dkar po]]'' ''kar-po'' - white.<BR><br />
''[[dgra bo]]'' ''dra-wo'' - enemy.<BR><br />
''[[mngar mo]]'' ''ngar-mo'' - sweet.<BR><br />
''[[bcu bzhi]]'' ''chub-zhi'', [[Abbreviations|Eleg.]] ''cu-zhi'' - fourteen.<BR><br />
''[[dbu]]'' ''u'' resp. - head.<BR><br />
''[[dbugs]]'' ''ug(s)'', [[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ug, u'' - breath.<BR><br />
''[[dbyar ka]]'' ''yar ka'' - summer.<BR><br />
''[[dbye ba]]'' ''ye-wa, e-wa'' - difference.<BR></div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=8._Prefixed_Letters&diff=4250308. Prefixed Letters2006-01-31T10:40:41Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]<br />
<br />
== .5 ==<br />
'''Examples:'''<BR><br />
<br />
''[[gyag]]'' ''yak'' - bos grunniens, yak.<br />
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe-cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe-cha'' - book.<br />
''[[bzang po]]'' ''sang-po'' - good.<br />
''[['bab pa]]'' ''bap-pa'' - to descend.<br />
''[['bang]]'' wang, [[Abbreviations|vulg.]][[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ang'' - power.<br />
''[[dbus]]'' ''Ue'' - name of the Lhasa district.<br />
''[[dben pa]]'' ''en-pa'' - solitude.<br />
''[[dbyibs]]'' ''yib(s), ib'' - figure.<br />
''[[dkar po]]'' ''kar-po'' - white.<br />
''[[dgra bo]]'' ''dra-wo'' - enemy.<br />
''[[mngar mo]]'' ''ngar-mo'' - sweet.<br />
''[[bcu bzhi]]'' ''chub-zhi'', [[Abbreviations|Eleg.]] ''cu-zhi'' - fourteen.<br />
''[[dbu]]'' ''u'' resp. - head.<br />
''[[dbugs]]'' ''ug(s)'', [[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ug, u'' - breath.<br />
''[[dbyar ka]]'' ''yar ka'' - summer.<br />
''[[dbye ba]]'' ''ye-wa, e-wa'' - difference.</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=three_kayas&diff=202579three kayas2006-01-31T10:40:41Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]<br />
<br />
== .5 ==<br />
'''Examples:'''<BR><br />
<br />
''[[gyag]]'' ''yak'' - bos grunniens, yak.<br />
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe-cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe-cha'' - book.<br />
''[[bzang po]]'' ''sang-po'' - good.<br />
''[['bab pa]]'' ''bap-pa'' - to descend.<br />
''[['bang]]'' wang, [[Abbreviations|vulg.]][[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ang'' - power.<br />
''[[dbus]]'' ''Ue'' - name of the Lhasa district.<br />
''[[dben pa]]'' ''en-pa'' - solitude.<br />
''[[dbyibs]]'' ''yib(s), ib'' - figure.<br />
''[[dkar po]]'' ''kar-po'' - white.<br />
''[[dgra bo]]'' ''dra-wo'' - enemy.<br />
''[[mngar mo]]'' ''ngar-mo'' - sweet.<br />
''[[bcu bzhi]]'' ''chub-zhi'', [[Abbreviations|Eleg.]] ''cu-zhi'' - fourteen.<br />
''[[dbu]]'' ''u'' resp. - head.<br />
''[[dbugs]]'' ''ug(s)'', [[Abbreviations|C]]: ''ug, u'' - breath.<br />
''[[dbyar ka]]'' ''yar ka'' - summer.<br />
''[[dbye ba]]'' ''ye-wa, e-wa'' - difference.</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=8._Prefixed_Letters&diff=4250298. Prefixed Letters2006-01-31T10:25:21Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]<br />
<br />
== .5 ==<br />
'''Examples:'''<BR>BR><br />
<br />
''[[gyag]]'' ''yag'' bos grunniens.<br />
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe cha'' book.</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=three_kayas&diff=202578three kayas2006-01-31T10:25:21Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|CT]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==<br />
The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a, - [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] in the syllable ''[[dag]]'', which, if ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' is radical, has to be pronounced ''dag'', if prefixed ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'', - is avoided by adding ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in the latter case: thus, ''[[dga']]''. Other examples are: ''[[gad]]'' and ''[[gda']]''; ''[[bas]]'' and ''[[bsa']]'' ; ''[[mad]]'' and ''[[mda']]''; ''[['ga']]''. This ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, ''[[bka']]''.<br />
<br />
== .3 ==<br />
''[[:Category:da|da]]'' as a prefix and ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' as a first as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the following examples (''[[dbang]]'' etc).<br />
<br />
== .4 ==<br />
Another irregularity is the nasal pronounciation of the prefixed ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' in compounds after a vowel, which is often heard [[Abbreviations|e.g.]] ''[[dge 'dun]]'' pronounced ''gen-dun'', but eleg: ''ge-dun'', ,clergy'; ''[[bka' 'bum]]'' ''kam-bum'', eleg. ''ka-bum'', ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). - Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in [[Abbreviations|ET]] the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones [[7. Compound Consonants#.9|7.9]]<br />
<br />
== .5 ==<br />
'''Examples:'''<BR>BR><br />
<br />
''[[gyag]]'' ''yag'' bos grunniens.<br />
''[[dpe cha]]'' ''pe cha'' ([[Abbreviations|Ld.]]: ''spe cha'' book.</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=8._Prefixed_Letters&diff=4250288. Prefixed Letters2006-01-31T09:53:44Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|C.T.]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==</div>DanBallancehttps://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php?title=three_kayas&diff=202577three kayas2006-01-31T09:53:44Z<p>DanBallance: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
== .1 ==<br />
The five letters ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as [[7. Compound Consonants#.6|7.6]]. ''[[:Category:ga|ga]]'' occurs before ''[[:Category:ca|ca]]'' ''[[:Category:nya|nya]]'' ''[[:Category:ta|ta]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'' ''[[:Category:na|na]]'' ''[[:Category:tsa|tsa]]'' ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ya|ya]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]''; ''[[:Category:da|ga]]'' before the gutterals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ''[[:Category:ba|ba]]'' before ''[[:Category:ka|ka]]'' ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under ''[[:Category:da|da]]'', then ''[[:Category:zha|zha]]'' ''[[:Category:za|za]]'' ''[[:Category:ra|ra]]'' ''[[:Category:sha|sha]]'' ''[[:Category:sa|sa]]'' ; ''[[:Category:ma|ma]]'' before the gutterals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In [[Abbreviations|C.T.]], to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar.<br />
<br />
== .2 ==</div>DanBallance