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[[Image:Lama Gonpo Hat.jpg|thumb|400px|Lama Gönpo Tseten Rinpoche, photo taken circa 1979-1980 in the U.S.A.]]'''Gönpo Tseten Rinpoche''' (1906–1991) — a contemporary [[Dzogchen]] master, author, painter, sculptor, and teacher of the [[Nyingma]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]].
#REDIRECT[[bskal rgya]][[Category:O]]
 
==Biography==
===Early Life and Training in Tibet===
Gönpo Tseten was born in 1906 in [[Amdo]], an eastern province of Tibet, into a family heritage of [[ngakpa]]s. At the age of seven he was sent to Sangchen Mingye Ling, a Nyingmapa monastery. At the age of 15, having shown great promise as a future teacher, he studied with Kargi Tertön and accomplished the [[preliminary practices]] of Tibetan Buddhism.
 
At Sangchen Mingye Ling, Gönpo Tseten continued his [[Dharma]] studies and the traditional Tibetan arts and sciences. It was at this time that he began to display great skill in drawing, painting, and sculpture. In 1925, at the age of 18, he completed two images of Thousand-Armed [[Avalokiteshvara]], each standing over six feet high.
 
About the age of twenty he married and had a son, Pema Rigdzin.<ref>However, after two years he and his wife separated. He later married again, this time to Drolma Chi with whom he happily spent the remainder of his time in Tibet before 1959. Three years before the Chinese army arrived, he moved to [[Lhasa]] with his wife and son. Unfortunately, in the terrible conditions during the Chinese invasion of Tibet, Gönpo Tseten became separated from his wife and son, who did not escape.</ref> He then undertook a journey of twenty days in order to study for a year with the [[Tertön]] Choling Tuching Dorje, a disciple of [[Dodrupchen Rinpoche]].
 
After this, he studied with the great Dzogchen master [[Khenchen Thubten Chöpel]], who was also a guru of [[Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche]], [[Khenpo Jikmé Phuntsok]], and the [[Sixth Dzogchen Rinpoche]]. During that time he received the complete transmission of the [[Rinchen Terdzö]]—he later received it twice more from [[Dilgo Khyentse]] around 1950 and 1978. Later, the ngakpa Gönpo Tsering taught him ''Tu'', the art of overcoming enemies. This was essential since his gompa in Amdo needed protection from surrounding afflictions, including ruthless bandits and wild animals. After this, he studied [[sutra]] and [[tantra]], including the [[Yönten Dzö]], at [[Sukchen Tago Gompa]] in [[Golok]], which was established by the [[First Dodrupchen]] Rinpoche in 1799.
 
His student Ngawang Khedup, who studied with Lama Gönpo in Clement Town, Dhera Dun, India, and accompanied him when he came to America, reported that among the other places Gönpo Tseten studied in his youth was one of the most famous of Tibet’s tantric colleges (Rekong Ngakmang, 'the place of many tantrikas') in Amdo, where the most secret yogic practices were taught in depth and practised to completion. At the end of the [[tummo]] course, as a test of their accomplishment, students would go on a cold winter's night into deep pits dug in the ground behind the buildings. They would go down to the bottom of one of the shafts and see how many wet blankets could be dried out in a single night by inner heat. The exuberant students would also see how far that they could ascend into the air above the hole, to discover which among them could rise up the highest. "I was told," Ngawang wrote, "that people standing at a distance away could see Lama Gönpo rising above, not just the other yogis, but also the row of buildings that were in front!" Having himself brought tantric [[siddhi]]s to fruition, Lama Gönpo understood and strongly emphasized to his students that such outward signs must be the fruit of inner realization rather than goals in themselves.
 
===Meeting with his Root Guru and Retreat===
In 1932 he met his [[root guru]], the [[Longchen Nyingtik]] lineage holder [[Tsö Patrul Rinpoche|Patrul Rinpoche Kunzang Shenpen Özer of Tsö]], the [[tulku]] of [[Patrul Rinpoche]] Chökyi Wangpo, who was himself a heart-son of [[Adzom Drukpa]] Drodul Pawo Dorje. According to the late [[Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche]], in his autobiography ''Brilliant Moon'', Patrul Rinpoche of Tsö was an emanation of Avalokiteshvara and a very unusual person who would feed hundreds of beggars at his monastery upon condition that they enter the gate of the [[Dharma]] and undertake [[ngöndro]] preliminary practices.
 
Under his guru's guidance he did [[Richö]], a solitary mountain retreat, for four years including ngöndro, [[tsa-lung]] and [[Dzogchen]], progressing through the stages of the path to the realization of the supreme state. At the end of his retreat, Patrul Rinpoche of Tsö asked him to teach others and, in 1936, he was given the role of [[Vajra Acharya]] to teach Patrul Rinpoche's disciples in the master's absence. As well, he was given the knowledge-holder name Rigdzin Trinlé Özer.
 
For two years he taught tsa-lung and Dzogchen at Patrul Rinpoche's monastery in Tsö. He then did further retreat for one year to deepen his realization before going to [[Dzogchen Monastery]] in 1939 and 1940.
 
===Returning to Sangchen Mingye Ling===
Lama Gönpo then returned to his own gompa, Sangchen Mingye Ling, bringing with him with him the [[Kangyur]], Rigdzin [[Jigme Lingpa]]'s ''Sung Bum'', ''Yonten Dzod'', and other major texts totaling 1,552 pages.
 
At Sangchen Mingye Ling he was awarded the title Khenpo by the Fourth Jamyang Shepa of Tashi Kyil, one of the major Gelukpa monasteries. Jamyang Shepa also enthroned him as Abbot of the Nyingmapa College of Tashi Kyil. He  also did another several years of retreat. Converting his monastery to one which concentrated on the [[Longchen Nyingtik]] teachings of Rigdzin [[Jigme Lingpa]], he would teach the [[The Words of My Perfect Teacher|Kunzang Lamé Shyalung]] of Patrul Chökyi Wangpo. In the winter he taught tsa-lung, and in the summer, [[Yeshe Lama]]. His fame spread far and wide like the rays of the sun.
[[Image:Dilgo Khyentse and Lama Gonpo 2.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Gönpo Tseten Rinpoche with Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche at Rekong Gompa, circa 1950. Gönpo Tseten Rinpoche is standing 2nd on the right in the above photo, directly in front of the pillar.]]
Numerous lamas asked him to teach at their gompas. He taught at eight monasteries throughout Amdo, teaching twice a year at each. As well as time spent teaching, Lama Gönpo did extended retreats and received many transmissions from other masters, among which around 1950 was the [[Rinchen Terdzö]], from [[Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche]] at Rekong Gompa, at Shohong Lhaka (regarded as the actual palace of [[Chakrasamvara]]), in Amdo. Dilgo Khyentse had made the journey to Amdo with his family in order to give the [[Rinchen Terdzö]] at the request of his own guru [[Jamyang Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö]] to a gathering of 1900 ngakpas. Rekong was the birthplace of both Lama Gönpo's root guru [[Tsö Patrul Rinpoche]] and of the supremely accomplished [[Shabkar]] Tsokdruk Rangdrol; the two great masters both trained at the gompa there. The photograph on the right of this page, taken at Rekong Gompa in 1950, shows Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche and Lama Gönpo. The latter has the typical long matted locks of a [[ngakpa]] wound around his head. From 1957 to 1959 Lama Gönpo taught at the renowned [[Tsering Jong]] Monastery of Kunkhyen [[Jigme Lingpa]] himself near [[Lhasa]].
 
===Escape from Tibet & Life in India===
In 1959, Lama Gönpo managed to escape from Tibet. Having arrived in India, Lama Gönpo steadfastly continued to teach the Dharma far and wide, and received numerous teachings from other exiled teachers. There, he wrote a compact edition of the [[The Words of My Perfect Teacher|Kunzang Lamé Shyalung]]. To dispel obstacles, he did a three month retreat on [[Vajrakilaya]] at the residence of H.H. the [[Dalai Lama]]. At the end of his retreat the Dalai Lama presented him with an offering of a [[phurba]], a national treasure passed down from the great [[terton]] [[Nyang Ral Nyima Özer]] (1124–1192), the first of the [[Five Terton Kings]]. Much later, since no material object was important to him in the least unless it could serve the [[Dharma]], due to his foreknowledge at the appropriate time before he departed for the [[Copper-Coloured Mountain]] in 1991, Lama Gönpo transferred this precious artifact to a generous benefactor and gave all of the large donations he received to help fund the community of nuns he was guiding in Amdo.
 
From 1967 to 1978, Lama Gönpo taught at the Nyingmapa Lamas College at Clement Town, Dehra Dun, India, teaching the entire range of the preliminary and advanced practices. Tashi Tsering, who is at present (2009) studying for his PhD at the University of British Columbia, wrote of Lama Gönpo's life at that time: "He lived next to our house in Mussoorie [near Clement Town], India, in the early to mid 1970's. My mother once said that Agu [uncle] Gönpo Tseten can levitate up to a meter cross-legged because of his yogic and spiritual accomplishments. I was about 5 years old; I used to sit next to him as he painted [[thangka]]s. I remember one time he painted my little sister's nails, and mine too. Although I met him only a few times when I was about 5, I remember vividly that he radiated what I now realize was loving kindness."
 
In 1978, Lama Gönpo was requested to come and teach in the United States by [[Gyatrul Rinpoche]]. Ngawang Khedup related that as plans were being made for the Lama's journey to teach in the USA, "...when the word got out some young lamas from the big monastery turned up at his house in Clement Town and requested with a mandala offering to give teachings to them before he left and to pass on his special lineage and techniques. This amused Lama Gönpo to no end and he told them in his colloquial Tibetan that I understood well enough that, 'In all the years I have been here no one has come around asking for these teachings and now that you have learned that I am teaching westerners and going to California, all of a sudden you come asking for my transmission; best you go back to your big monastery and get the teachings from your big Lama there.'"
 
Before his departure for America, together with a vast body of practitioners Lama Gönpo again received the Rinchen Terdzö from Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, this time at [[Mindroling Monastery]] in Dhera Dun. During the regular breaks in the empowerments themselves Gönpo Tseten Rinpoche gave oral commentary and teachings on the transmitted texts and practices to the assembled multitudes at Dilgo Khyentse's request.
 
===Visits to the West===
From 1979 to early 1982, accompanied by his consort Pema Lhanzam, he taught mainly in California. He taught almost the entire [[Longchen Nyingtik]] cycle, including the [[Yeshe Lama]] to his devoted students. He was particularly skillful in his guidance of disciples, and could be very gentle, paternal, warm, and encouraging or forthrightly challenging, always expecting those who studied with him to make the greatest possible effort in their practice.
 
Once, after the appearance of unmistakable signs, Lama Gönpo told a disciple, "You are definitely the incarnation of a yogin from Tibet who did a certain [[Dorje Phurba]] practice." When the student asked if it was possible to discover more about this, his teacher casually replied, "Of course, but inquiring into past lives is not important for most people. It takes away attention from the key point. The key point for you is to bring to fulfillment the practice in this very lifetime." A few days thereafter the [[vidyadhara]] bestowed the necessary empowerments on the student in order for him to continue the path his teacher had identified.
 
While in America, Lama Gönpo was an inexhaustible river of extensive ripening empowerments and teachings on every level of the Longchen Nyingtik. This included: teachings and prayers upon first awakening in the morning, teachings on the [[Nine Yanas]], Rigdzin Jikme Lingpa's [[kyérim]] text [[Staircase to Akanishtha]], extensive [[Chö]] transmissions<ref>This was one of the first and most extensive transmissions of the Chö teachings given in North America, according to the famous [[Longchen Nyingtik]] Chö text called ''Laughter of the Dakinis''.</ref>, [[Phowa]], [[Shitro]], [[Yumka Dechen Gyalmo]] (the Queen of Great Bliss), [[Rigdzin Düpa]], among many others, as well as teachings on the nature of mind—from both [[Semdé]] and [[Longdé]] categories, and all the way up to and including the unsurpassed [[Yeshe Lama]]—all transmitted from the perspective of highest [[Dzogchen]] [[Atiyoga]]. The minds of numerous students were ripened and set firmly on the path as a result of his teachings. Two well-known scholars who studied with Lama Gonpo were Anne C. Klein and John Myrdhin Reynolds.
 
===Return to Tibet===
When the Chinese government allowed exiled Tibetans to return in 1982 Lama Gönpo, despite the fact that he had attained the age of 76, courageously returned to Amdo, the region of his birth, and gathered a dedicated community of practitioners including monks, ngagpas, nuns and lay people (Tibetan and Chinese) to help in the revival of the Dharma in the Land of Snows. He returned to America in 1983 and again in 1984, and several of his devoted Western disciples made the journey to [[Amdo]]. In 1984 Lama Gonpo spent time with HH Dilgo Khyenste Rinpoche in France before returning to Tibet for the final time. They remained in close communication after Lama Gonpo's return to Tibet until his passing at the age of 85 in 1991.
 
===Gönpo Tseten Rinpoche's Qualities===
Before Lama Gönpo left the USA the first time, at a final interview with one of his students, who was himself embarking on the path of a spiritual teacher, the disciple humbly requested his root guru, "This is the last time we will meet in this life. What are your essential instructions for me?" The great [[vidyadhara]] answered simply, "Always teach pure Dharma, and always rest in [[rigpa]]." In these two phrases Lama Gönpo Tseten set forth a succinct and accurate description of his own life and teaching. 
 
Lama Gönpo Tseten was deeply humble and comfortable in all situations, both high and low, and was immune to praise or blame. Unlike many people who are called spiritual teachers, he never found enjoyment in sitting on high thrones or receiving the veneration of his students. His approach was always matter-of-fact, and his teachings in both public and private were such that his hearers felt that he was speaking as one person to another, never as a king to a lowly subject. One always had the impression that he cared about you deeply, and that his words and actions were the outward activity of great inward compassion deriving from his own lived experience. 
 
Like the ancient Mahasiddhas, Gönpo Tseten Rinpoche had no interest in having large numbers of students, founding organizations, or building [[dharma]] centers and so left that activity for other masters to accomplish. Although he himself possessed unimpeded insight and had the power to authoritatively recognize and enthrone tulkus, which he occasionally did as he foresaw would be helpful, Lama Gönpo did not consider his own enthronement as a reincarnate master to be necessary and so dispensed with that formality.   
 
As were Choje [[Longchen Rabjam]], Kunkhyen [[Jikme Lingpa]], and [[Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo]], Gönpo Tseten Rinpoche was considered to be a secret emanation of Panchen [[Vimalamitra]], who brought the [[Dzogchen]] teachings to Tibet. This fact is alluded to in his long life prayer, written by H.E. Dungse [[Thinley Norbu]] Rinpoche of [[Pemakö]]:
 
:Of the millions of knowledge-holders
:The chief is the Supreme [[Vimalamitra]],
:Whose light-ray sunlike activity you invite as guests
:Into the lotus-like Wisdom Mansion of your heart.
:Glorious teacher Rigdzin Trinley Ozer, may you live long.
:The Dzogpa Chenpo is the Dakinis' luminous heart-essence,
:The Supreme Dharma's excellent activity spread widely like pollen.
:May your fortunate disciples gathering like bees to honey,
:Fly in the Dharmakaya's sky.
 
===Passing Away===
Although he had planned to depart this world on the tenth day of the sixth Tibetan month, that day being special to [[Guru Rinpoche]], Lama Gönpo kindly acceded to his students' request and delayed his departure three days. Like [[Kunzang Sherab]] the 1st Throneholder of [[Palyul]], and [[Terdak Lingpa]] the founder of [[Mindroling]], just before his [[parinirvana]] the vidyadhara Trinlé Özer, as he had predicted, saw the [[dakini]]s coming to convey his consciousness to the [[Zangdokpalri|Copper-Coloured Mountain]], Guru Rinpoche's pure land. Lama Gönpo made beautiful inviting [[mudra]]s as his physical body was dying, and passed into the sphere of ultimate truth on the 13th day of the sixth Tibetan month in the Iron-Sheep Year of the 17th [[Rabjung]], 1991. The ashes from his cremation contained [[ringsel]]; an image of [[Milarepa]] was visible in a bone fragment.
 
Lama Gönpo mentioned in 1981 that he would not reincarnate as a conventional tulku, but would send emanations directly from the Copper Coloured Mountain.
 
==Writings==
Some writings of Lama Gönpo Tseten Rinpoche (published under the name Gonpo Tseten):
*''[[Vajrakilaya|Dorje Phurba]]: Developing and Completion Stage Practice'' (1962),
*''Preliminary Practices of the Longchen Nyingtik: a Commentary'' (1964),
*''Tsa-Lung: Completion Stage Practice'' (1966),
*''Life History of the Longchen Nyingtig Lamas: Longchenpa and Jigme Lingpa'' (1979),
*''In Praise of [[Longchenpa]]'' (1979),
*''The Life of Guru Rinpoche and the Meaning of the Tsog Offering'' (1981),
*''Kye Rim: A Developing Stage Practice of Rigdzin Dupa'', and
*''Yumkha Dechen Gyalmo Commentary''.
 
In addition to his own writings, in 1977 Lama Gönpo Tseten Rinpoche also published in Gangtok the following texts by [[Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo]]:
*''Immortal Celebration: the Empowerment Liturgy of the Text “Extracting the Essence for Prolonging Longevity" (a terma of the [[Fifth Dalai Lama]])'',
*''A Rough List of Scholars and Translators of Tibet, the Land of Snow'',
*''A Brief Account of the Throneholders of Both New and Old Tantric Schools of the Land of Snow: The Wondrous Lotus Garden.''
 
==Artistic Accomplishments==
Among Lama Gönpo Tseten's many artistic accomplishments are two major murals in Clement Town, Dhera Dun, India: “[[Amitabha]] in [[Sukhavati|Dewachen]]” at Tashi Gommo [[Gelugpa]] Monastery, and “[[Mount Meru]] and the Universe System” at the Nyingmapa Lamas College. He also painted a large [[thangka]] of the [[Longchen Nyingtik]] [[Field of merit|Refuge Tree]] and smaller thangkas of Padmasambhava and Vajrakilaya, some of which he gave to [[Thinley Norbu]] Rinpoche. Subsequently, the main figure of Guru Rinpoche of Lama Gönpo's painting of Padmasambhava, Longchen Rabjam, and Jikme Lingpa, which can be seen below, was used as the cover for The Padmakara Translation Group's translation of [[White Lotus]] by the 1st Jamgon [[Mipham Rinpoche]].
 
==Notes==
<small><references/></small>
 
==References for Biography==
''Immortal Protector of Beings: A Brief Biography of Lama Gonpo Tseten'', 1992; Lama Gonpo's published Curriculum Vitae, 1979 and 1980; Long Life Prayer of Rigdzin Trinley Ozer (Lama Gonpo Tseten) by Thinley Norbu Rinpoche, 1979; Booklet on the Vajrakilaya Empowerment which includes a biography of Lama Gonpo Tseten, 1980; various remembrances by Tashi Tsering, Phurba Trinley, Rinchen Khandro, Yang Chen, Jangchub Drolma, Ngawang Khedup, and recollections by his long-time translator and heart-disciple Choying Palmo. Other references are taken from ''The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism'', Volume I, 1st Edition, by Jikdral Yeshe Dorje, [[Dudjom Rinpoche]], Wisdom Publications, Boston, Massachusetts, 1991, and from "The Spirit of Tibet", a biography of Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche by Matthieu Ricard, copyright 2000, Aperture Foundation, New York, NY.
 
==Gallery of Images==
<Gallery>
Image:Lama Gonpo Phurba.jpg‎|The '''Phurba''' used by [[Nyang Ral Nyima Özer]] which was offered to Lama Gönpo Tseten Rinpoche by H.H. the Fourteenth Dalai Lama.
Image:Lama_Gonpo_Tseten_Dorje_Phurba_Painting.jpg‎|'''[[Vajrakilaya]] painting''' by Lama Gönpo Tseten Rinpoche, prior to 1981.

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