ma rgad

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མ་རྒད
emerald, emerald, 1 of rin chen nor bdun [JV]

emerald [RY]

(sman) Emerald (dGa' ba'i rDo rje 1998)
Synonyms : ma ra ka ti (Shel gong) mar gad, rdo'i snying po, khyung skyes, mkha' sding gshog pa, nor bu ljang gu (dGa' ba'i rDo rje 1998)
Sanskrit: marakata, tārkṣya (wisdomlib.org)

mrgat nad rnams kun la mchog tu phan / zhes pa / ma ra ka ti zhes kyang zer te / 'di la rigs gsum yod pa ni / rakta ma ra ka ti / n+'i la ma ra ka ti / shi ta ma ra ka ti'o / rakta ma ra ka ti ni kha dog dmar skya rab tu dangs pa'o / rin tshad dngul zho phyed kyi tshad do / n+'i la ma ra ka ti ni / kha dog sngon po la dmar mdangs yod pa shin tu dangs pa rin tshad dngul log po byed do / shi ta ma ra ka ti ni / mdogs dkar la dmar ba'i mdangs chags pa shin tu dangs pa'o / rin tshad dngul zho bzhi cha'o / 'di gsum che tshad mthe bong sum 'gyur tsam 'byung / yul sing+ga la dang lag+man zhes bya ba nub byang gi yul zhig nas 'byung ngo // (Shel gong shel phreng, pdf p 084.3)

Illustrations : dGa' ba'i rDo rje 1998 (n°032) mrgad, Emerald (n°033) dzus, Jadeite (n°034) n+'i la ma ra ka ti, Aquamarine (n°035) rdo mrgad, Malachite
dGa' ba'i rDo rje 2018 (n°021) mrgad, Emerald (n°022) dzus, Jadeite (n°023) singa la ma ra ka ti, Olivine (n°024) rdo rigs mrgad, Malachite

The Shel phreng mentiones 3 types, a red one, a blue one and a white one with a reddish hue.
dGa' ba'i rDo rje (1998) distinguishes superiour Emeralds and a common one. The superiour ones are ma rgad (Emerald) and dzus (Jadeite) as well as other members of the Beryl group : rak+ta ma ra ka ti (Red beryl, which is actually only known from the US), n+'i la ma ra ka ti (Aquamarine) and shi ta ma ra ka ti (Morganite). The common type is rdo mrgad (Malachite, spang ma), from deep green to light green and purplish green. According to him, it is not to be confounded with rma bya'i mgrin (Chrysocolla), which is dark blue.
dGa' ba'i rDo rje (2018) adds Olivine to the superiour Emeralds, but ommits the Beryl group : ma rgad (Emerald), dzus, (Jadeite), sing+ga la ma ra ka ti (Olivine), and rdo rigs mrgad (Malachite). http://purl.bdrc.io/resource/MW8LS68421
Jadeite occurs rarely as crystal, but most commonly as the monomineralic metamorphic rock Jadeitite which is often used as an ornamental gem and carving material, known as jadeite jade. The pearly Jadeite is white when pure, often green or blue green up to black according to iron or manganese ions.
The Olivine groupe consists of silicate minerals. The groupe's dominant green mineral Fosterite (MgSiO4) may have been some of the ‘smaragdus’ and ‘beryllos’ of ancient times.
The Beryl group (Beryllium aluminium silicates) comprises a number of gemstones, according to the colour which is due to the presence of various elements in the crystalstructure : green (Emerald, ma rgad) to yellow (Heliodor), light blue (Aquamarine, bai dU rya], chu chung ni la), sea-green (Beryl), pink (Morganite, nal), red (Red beryl), colorless (Goshenite), and white (mindat.org).
For Malachite see spang ma.
The indian name marakata refers to Emerald, like tārkṣya, which is also synonym to Garuda (wisdomlib.org).
Johannes Schmidt (talk) 12:38, 29 February 2024 (EST)