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[central] Tibet [rang rgyal SW kyi bod rigs is a self-protected valley, in which above is mnga' ris and dbus gtsang, with the chab mdo region tshud yod pa de'i rgya khyon la spyi le gru bzhi khri tsho 125 tsam yod, mi 'bor ni 1 million and 8 hundred 90 thousand+ nang 90% ni ar Tibetans, the rest Chinese, hu'e, mon pa, lho pa peoples also, as for sa bab,i the NW is high and cold, the SE rong sa yin pas [tropics, ravines] is warm. As for the mountain ranges SW himalaya dang te se snow mountain. In the north the khu nu moountain range and dang gdang la. In the east te 'phred rgyug mountain ranges, ri mthor gangs rgan gyis gang ba, rivers: yar klungs and gtsang po flow from west to East, and the rgyal mo rngul chu dang, rdza chu, and 'bri chu bcas from north to south. Also the Ganges Sindhu and so forth have their sources in Tibet, large and small lakes and nang rgyu the Tsangpo River completely pervade the region. In the highlands good pasturage is suitable for nomads. The tropic ravines rong sa gshin po yod pas are suitable for farming. Forests and gter kha, chu bed, tsha chu thon khungs etc. are abundant. In the Tang and Sung dynasties bod

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