Wylie

This page was laste updated by MarcusPerman (talk) 20:11, 26 May 2021 (UTC)

A Transliteration system for Tibetan script named after professor Turrell V. Wylie.

"Wylie Transliteration" is a specific transliteration scheme that has become the standard scheme and is used on this website in its "extended" form developed at the University of Virginia. Some other related schemes are still used at the Library of Congress and in some European publications, which can cause problems for searches and cataloging so it is good to be aware that some other systems do still persist, but are not recommeded.

Here is an instruction manual for teaching Wylie from the University of Virginia: http://www.thlib.org/reference/transliteration/teachingewts.pdf

Here is an automated converter from Tibetan script to Wylie or vice versa: http://www.thlib.org/reference/transliteration/wyconverter.php

The original system was developed in this paper: Wylie, Turrell. 1959. "A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, pp. 261-267.

Table of Transliteration Combinations

THE THIRTY CONSONANTS

ཀ་	ཁ་	ག་	ང་
ka	kha	ga	nga
ཅ་	ཆ་	ཇ་	ཉ་
ca	cha	ja	nya
ཏ་	ཐ་	ད་	ན་
ta	tha	da	na
པ་	ཕ་	བ་	མ་
pa	pha	ba	ma
ཙ་	ཚ་	ཛ་	ཝ་
tsa	tsha	dza	wa
ཞ་	ཟ་	འ་	ཡ་
zha	za	’a	ya
ར་	ལ་	ཤ་	ས་
ra	la	sha	sa
	ཧ་	ཨ་
	ha	a

THE FOUR VOWELS

ཨི་	ཨུ་	ཨེ་	ཨོ་
i	u	e	o

Extended Wylie Rules For Transliteration

To transliterate Tibetan using extended Wylie please follow these rules:

• Rule 1:
  • Transliterate Tibetan characters in a syllable from left to right and in stacks from top to bottom with the vowel being transliterated after the final consonant of the root letter or stack. Equivalents for characters are in the charts below.

Example: བསྒྲིབས་ becomes bsgribs

Example: བསྒྲུབས་ becomes bsgrubs

• Rule 2:
  • If there is no explicit vowel mark, the implicit vowel is transliterated as “a” and placed after the final consonant of the root letter or stack.

Example: མཁན་ becomes mkhan

• Rule 3:
  • Use the period to horizontally display two consonants that would normally be stacked.

Example: གྱོན་ becomes gyon but གཡོན་ becomes g.yon

• Rule 4:
  • The use of the plus-sign (“+”) is required between consonants in a non-standard Tibetan stack.

Example: སཏྟྭ་ becomes sat+t+wa

• Rule 5:
• Use the plus-sign (“+”) between transliteration equivalents for multiple vowel signs above and/or below the same Tibetan stack. In such cases, the vowels should be transliterated from bottom to top even though this may contradict the logical order of the expanded phrase.

Example: བྲེུ་ becomes bru+e, and རྡོེ་, which is short for རྡོ་རྗེ་, becomes rdo+e.

• Rule 6:
  • The transliteration of a standard Tibetan stack that uses the plus-sign (“+”) is equivalent to the transliteration that does not.

Example: For རྟ་, the transliterations rta and r+ta are equivalent, though the former is preferable.

• Rule 7:
  • For Tibetan transliterations of multi-syllable Sanskrit words that fall within a single tsheg bar (Tibetan “syllable”), the implicit vowel, “a,” should be inserted after each cluster consonant without an explicit vowel mark except when the virama (Tib., srog med) is subscribed to that cluster. If the word ends in an anusvara (“M” ::M::) or a visarga (“H” ::H::) the final “a” is inserted before their transliteration.

Example: སརྦ་མངྒལཾ་ becomes sarba mang+galaM.

• Rule 8:
  • All characters can be represented by the escape sequence “\u” plus their 4-digit hexadecimal code for standard Unicode characters. For surrogate pairs, the escape sequence “\U” plus the 8-digit hexadecimal code should be used. In either case, the full 4 or 8 hexadecimal code must be used without dropping leading zeros. The characters in the list of those not found in Unicode 4.0 have been assigned values in the Private Use Area, so that the standard escape sequence, “\uXXXX,” can be used.

Example: ཀ་ can be represented by either “ka” or “\u0F40.”

• Rule 9:
  • To insert a run of non-Tibetan characters within Tibetan transliteration: the whole string, encoded in UTF-8, must be enclosed in brackets. Pairs of opening and closing brackets may be nested with the final closing bracket indicating the resumption of Tibetan transliteration. The escape sequences “\uXXXX” and “\UXXXXXXXX” can be used within brackets to refer to Tibetan or non-Tibetan characters.

Example: ཁོང་New York་ལ་ཕེབས་སོང་། becomes khong [New York] la phebs song /

• Rule 10:
  • To insert a single non-Tibetan character, numeral, or punctuation mark within a run of transliterated Tibetan, prefix it with a backslash. (Note: The upper or lowercase “u” cannot be inserted through this method, since “\u” and “\U” trigger the insertion of Unicode characters by their hexadecimal value. Brackets must be used to insert a single letter “u” or “U,” e.g. [u] or [U].)

Example: དེ་ལ་3་ཡོད། becomes de la \3 yod/

• Rule 11:
  • When the a-chen (“big a”) is found at the beginning of a word and lacks a vowel sign, it is transliterated as “a.” Otherwise, it is transliterated according to the vowel sign attached to it. If it is found in the middle of a stack, transliterate it as “+a”; if it is found in the middle of a syllable (tsheg bar), transliterate it as “.a”.

Example: ཨ་ཁུ་ becomes a khu, but ཨུག་པ་ becomes ug pa. Also, ཨཾ་ becomes aM.

• Rule 12:
  • Capitals are used to denote the following Sanskrit-based Tibetan characters: the long vowels – A, I, U, -I; the anusvara – M; the visarga – H; the retroflex letters – T, Th, D, D+h, N, and Sh.

Example: མཱ becomes mA (Diacritic transliteration is mā). དུཿ becomes duH (duḥ). ཕཊ becomes phaT (phaṭ).

• Rule 13:
  • Capital R is used to indicate the full-form of ra when it is the top letter of a non-standard Tibetan stack.

Example: ::R+na:: becomes R+na. ::R+Ya:: becomes R+Ya, while ::R+ya:: becomes R+ya.

• Rule 14:
  • The full-formed ra in the standard Tibetan stacks—rnya, rla, and rwa—is transliterated as the lower-case “r”.

• Rule 15:
  • Capital W, Y, and R are used to transliterate the full form of wa, ya, and ra respectively, when they are in any position except the top-most.

• Rule 16:
  • In non-standard Tibetan stacks, the lower-case r, y, and w are used to represent the superscribed ra (ra mgo), the subscribed ra (ra btags), the subscribed ya (ya btags), and the subscribe wa (wa zur) respectively.

SOURCE: http://www.thlib.org/reference/transliteration/#!essay=/thl/ewts/rules/

Standard Tibetan Stacks

རྐ རྒ རྔ རྗ རྙ རྟ རྡ རྣ རྦ རྨ རྩ རྫ ལྐ ལྒ ལྔ ལྕ ལྗ ལྟ ལྡ ལྤ ལྦ ལྷ སྐ སྒ སྔ སྙ སྟ སྡ སྣ སྤ སྦ སྨ སྩ ཀྭ ཁྭ གྭ ཅྭ ཉྭ ཏྭ དྭ ཙྭ ཚྭ ཞྭ ཟྭ རྭ ཤྭ སྭ ཧྭ ཀྱ ཁྱ གྱ པྱ ཕྱ བྱ མྱ ཀྲ ཁྲ གྲ ཏྲ ཐྲ དྲ པྲ ཕྲ བྲ མྲ ཤྲ སྲ ཧྲ ཀླ གླ བླ ཟླ རླ སླ རྐྱ རྒྱ རྨྱ རྒྭ རྩྭ སྐྱ སྒྱ སྤྱ སྦྱ སྨྱ སྐྲ སྒྲ སྣྲ སྤྲ སྦྲ སྨྲ གྲྭ དྲྭ ཕྱྭ

rka rga rnga rja rnya rta rda rna rba rma rtsa rdza lka lga lnga lca lja lta lda lpa lba lha ska sga snga snya sta sda sna spa sba sma stsa kwa khwa gwa cwa nywa twa dwa tswa tshwa zhwa zwa rwa shwa swa hwa kya khya gya pya phya bya mya kra khra gra tra thra dra pra phra bra mra shra sra hra kla gla bla zla rla sla rkya rgya rmya rgwa rtswa skya sgya spya sbya smya skra sgra snra spra sbra smra grwa drwa phywa

Read more: http://www.thlib.org/reference/transliteration/tibstacks.php#ixzz6w0UnfsgL