ma rgad

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མ་རྒད
emerald, emerald, 1 of rin chen nor bdun [JV]

emerald [RY]

(med) Emerald, Beryl
Synonyms : ma ra ka ti (Shel gong)
Sanskrit: marakata, tārkṣya (wisdomlib.org)

mrgat nad rnams kun la mchog tu phan / zhes pa / ma ra ka ti zhes kyang zer te / 'di la rigs gsum yod pa ni / rakta ma ra ka ti / nI la ma ra ka ti / shi ta ma ra ka ti'o / rakta ma ra ka ti ni kha dog dmar skya rab tu dangs pa'o / rin tshad dngul zho phyed kyi tshad do / nI la ma ra ka ti ni / kha dog sngon po la dmar mdangs yod pa shin tu dangs pa rin tshad dngul log po byed do / shi ta ma ra ka ti ni / mdogs dkar la dmar ba'i mdangs chags pa shin tu dangs pa'o / rin tshad dngul zho bzhi cha'o / 'di gsum che tshad mthe bong sum 'gyur tsam 'byung / yul sing ga la dang lagman zhes bya ba nub byang gi yul zhig nas 'byung ngo // (Shel gong shel phreng, pdf p 084.3)

Illustrations : dGa' ba'i rDo rje 2018 (n°021) mrgad, Emerald (n°022) dzus, Jadeite (n°023) singa la ma ra ka ti, Olivine (n°024) rdo rigs mrgad, Malachite

The Shel phreng mentiones 3 types, a red one, a blue one and a white one with a reddish hue.
dGa' ba'i rDo rje enumerates several types of green precious and semi-precious stones together with ma rgad : Emerald (mrgad), Jadeite (dzus), Olivine (singa la ma ra ka ti) and Malachite (rdo rigs mrgad).
The Beryl group (Beryllium aluminium silicate) comprises a number of gemstones, according to the colour which is due to the presence of various elements in the crystalstructure : green (Emerald) to yellow (Heliodor), light blue (Aquamarine), sea-green (Beryl), pink (Morganite), red (Red beryl), colorless (Goshenite), and white (mindat.org).
Jadeite occurs rarely as crystal, but most commonly as the monomineralic metamorphic rock Jadeitite which is often used as an ornamental gem and carving material, known as jadeite jade. The pearly Jadeite is white when pure, often green or blue green up to black according to iron or manganese ions.
The Olivine groupe consists of silicate minerals. The groupe's dominant green mineral Fosterite (MgSiO4) may have been some of the ‘smaragdus’ and ‘beryllos’ of ancient times.
For Malachite see spang ma. The indian name marakata refers to Emerald, like tārkṣya, which is also synonym to Garuda (wisdomlib.org).
Johannes Schmidt (talk) 12:38, 29 February 2024 (EST)