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• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/291  + (first of the four divisions of tantras, ac … first of the four divisions of tantras, according to the New Translation Schools of Tibetan Buddhism; the other three divisions being: Performance Tantra (spyod rgyud, charyAtantra), Yoga Tantra (rnal 'byor rgyud, yogatantra), and Highest Yoga Tantra (bla med kyi rgyud, anuttarayogatantra) (T)bla med kyi rgyud, anuttarayogatantra) (T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1914  + (has; Comment: Since vidyate has the sense … has; Comment: Since vidyate has the sense of "being found by valid cognition," it is often translated into Tibetan as yod ("exist"), but in other places it is translated as rnyed ("find"). From the translation-choice here, we can see the translators saw the issue as being not the process by which the essential nature of things is found but the manner of its existence. is found but the manner of its existence.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/779  + (manifold constituents; Comment: These six … manifold constituents; Comment: These six are frequently cited as the main bases of designation of a person. In the seventh chapter of the SUtra Unraveling the Thought "manifold constituents" (khams du ma) refers to the six constituents, and "various constituents" (khams sna tshogs pa) refers to the eighteen constituents. See also khams; khams tha dad pa; khams sna tshogs pa.ms; khams tha dad pa; khams sna tshogs pa.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1597  + (name of the Buddha's clan SW changed Tibetan entry from bz-W- to b_/-W-,)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1733  + (need "traM" in Tibetan for example)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1937  + (often refers to profound emptiness and vast methods of compassion Is this right? If so, need to change following entries (T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/36  + (one of the five main divisions of study in … one of the five main divisions of study in Tibetan Ge-luk-ba monasteries; the others are: valid cognition (tshad ma, pramANa); perfection of wisdom (phar phyin, prajJA-pAramitA); the middle way school (dbu ma, mAdhyamaka); and the Compendium of Knowledge (chos mngon mdzod, abhidharma-koza)wledge (chos mngon mdzod, abhidharma-koza))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/421  + (one of the two divisions of form-source (gzugs kyi skye mched, rUpAyatana); the other is color (kha dog))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/984  + (one of the two divisions of negation (dgag … one of the two divisions of negation (dgag pa); the other is: affirming negative (ma yin dgag, paryudAsa-pratiSedha)Comment: The division of negatives, or negations, into affirming and non-affirming, or implicative and non-implicative, is traced to MimAMsA injunctions to refrain from activities that either imply another activity in its place or not. For example, the non-existence of the horns of a rabbit is expressed by the sentence, "The horns of a rabbit do not exist," and this does not suggest anything positive in place of the horns of a rabbit. Though it can suggest another non-affirming negative such as the non-existence of the beauty of the horns of a rabbit, it does not suggest any positive phenomenon in place of its object of negation. In the same way, an emptiness is a non-affirming negative such that the term expressing it does not suggest in place of the negation of its own object of negation another, positive phenomenon. See also "affirming negation" (ma yin dgag).e also "affirming negation" (ma yin dgag).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/955  + (one of the two divisions of sound-source (sgra'i skye mched, zabdAyatana); the other is: sound arisen from elements conjoined with consciousness (zin pa'i 'byung ba las gyur pa'i sgra, upatta-mahAbhUta-hetuka-zabda))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/40  + (refers to a phenomenon which is produced in dependence upon an aggregation of causes)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1698  + (refers to the process of moving from one concentration to another out of sequence)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/884  + (refers to two things with different actual names (dngos ming))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1606  + (skirt; SW changed Eng from "undergarments" to "lower garment", since sham thabs means the skirt (at least in colloquial Tibetan))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1740  + (spyi'i mtshan nyid; Comment: This term is … spyi'i mtshan nyid; Comment: This term is used in two markedly different ways, generally characterized phenomenon and general character. Generally characterized phenomena (spyi mtshan) are solely permanent phenomena such as uncompounded space ('dus ma byas kyi nam mkha'). However, general characteristic, or general character, (spyi'i mtshan nyid) refers to a character of an object that is shared with other objects; for instance, impermanence is a general characteristic of consciousness (shes pa) and is also a general characteristic of form (gzugs). Similarly, specifically characterized phenomena (rang mtshan) are solely impermanent phenomena such as consciousness (shes pa) and form (gzugs), but the specific characteristic, or specific character, (rang gi mtshan nyid) of an object is its own definining character such as that which is luminous and knowing (gsal zhing rig pa), which is the definition of consciousness (shes pa), an impermanent phenomena; and the non-affirming negative which is a mere negation of obstructive contact (thogs reg bkag tsam gyi med dgag), which is the definition of uncompounded space, a permanent phenomena.uncompounded space, a permanent phenomena.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1351  + (these are: knowledge of the past lives of oneself and others; supernatural insight into future mortal conditions; and knowledge that one has overcome all afflictions and that this is one's final birth\nWhat's the Tibetan for these? (T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1858  + (this also refers to a deity and his consort in union (T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1232  + (this refers to a wide range of eye defects, including occluded or hazy vision, seeing spots, lines, dots; etc.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1530  + (this refers to the five sense-consciousnesses—eye-consciousness, ear-consciousness, nose-consciousness, tongue-consciousness, and body-consciousness—and the mental consciousness ?? (T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1699  + (this refers to the process of moving from one concentration to another out of sequence\nCheck Entry (T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/304  + (this refers to the tree under which ShAkyamuni Buddha attained enlightenment)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/149  + (transliteration of Sanskrit word—vaidhurya\nNeed to fix Tibetan; Monier-Williams agrees with Conze—vaiDUrya (p.1021))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/525  + (ultimate truths are understood in differen … ultimate truths are understood in different ways by the various Buddhist systems; see definition headingComment: The Sanskrit for "ultimate truth," paramArthasatya, is etymologized three ways within identifying parama as "highest" or "ultimate," artha as "object," and satya as "truth." In the first way, parama (highest, ultimate) refers to a consciousness of meditative equipoise directly realizing emptiness; artha (object) refers to the object of that consciousness, emptiness; and satya (truth) also refers to emptiness in that in direct perception emptiness appears the way it exists; that is, there is no discrepancy between the mode of appearance and the mode of being. In this interpretation, a paramArthasatya is a "truth-that-is-an-object-of-the-highest-consciousness." In the second way, both parama (highest, ultimate) and artha (object) refer to a consciousness of meditative equipoise directly realizing emptiness in that, in the broadest meaning of "object," both objects and subjects are objects, and a consciousness of meditative equipoise directly realizing emptiness is the highest consciousness and thus highest object; satya (truth), as before, refers to emptiness. In this second interpretation, a paramArthasatya is an emptiness that exists the way it appears to a highest consciousness, a "truth-of-a-highest-object." In the third etymology, all three parts refer to emptiness in that an emptiness is the highest (the ultimate) and is also an object and a truth, a "truth-that-is-the-highest-object." ChandrakIrti, the chief Consequentialist, favors the third etymology in his Clear Wordsors the third etymology in his Clear Words)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1439  + (unbalanced state; Comment: In the medical tree, this refers to the trunk of the unhealthy body, or diseased body, abiding in an unbalanced state.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/781  + (various constituents; Comment: In the seve … various constituents; Comment: In the seventh chapter of the SUtra Unraveling the Thought "various constituents" (sna tshogs pa) refers to the eighteen constituents and "manifold constituents" (khams du ma) refers to the six constituents. See also khams; khams tha dad pa; khams du ma.also khams; khams tha dad pa; khams du ma.)

• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1481  + ((PH) The source given in Magee's footnote reads "Deussen, 48." which refers to: Paul Deussen, _Sixty UpaniSads of the Veda_. Was this also the source for the Tibetan (doubtful)? Is there an example sentence?)

• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/362  + ((PH) I added expanded Tibetan & full bib info)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1481  +
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1094  + ((PH) Wilson (p.671) gives "na re" as a syntactic particle that "marks a subject which is the source of an opinion or a statement")
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1522  + ((PH) a better example sentence would be good here.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/176  + (Bliss-Arising; Comment: also known as mahe … Bliss-Arising; Comment: also known as mahezvara or ziva. Gung-tang reports that Maheshvara (Great Lord) is called "Bliss-Arising" not because he himself becomes blissful in dependence upon the goddess Uma but because his body is so supremely satisfying that when others see it, all virtues, including liberation, as well as temporary happiness arise. This is why Maheshvara is called a source of joy. why Maheshvara is called a source of joy.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/263  + (Check Entry. I changed Tibetan to match Wylie, but I wonder ... if it was the reverse da for gs ?(T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1853  + (Check Tibetan entry (T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1854  + (Check Tibetan entry (T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1933  + (Check Tibetan entry vs. Wylie. Seems strange (T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1295  + (Check Tibetan of divisons. I constructed it from the English and Sanskrit. Not sure at all about it (T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1689  + (Check Tibetan of first example (T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/131  + (Check spelling of Tibetan entry. (T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/467  + (Comment: Arhan/ arhant (dgra bcom pa) is t … Comment: Arhan/ arhant (dgra bcom pa) is translated as "Foe Destroyer" to accord with the usual Tibetan translation of the term and to assist in capturing the flavor of oral and written traditions that frequently refer to this etymology. Arhats have overcome the foe which is the afflictive emotions (nyon mongs, kleza), the chief of which is ignorance, the conception (according to the Consequence School) that persons and phenomena are established by way of their own character.\n The Indian and Tibetan translators were also aware of the etymology of arhant as "worthy one," as they translated the name of the "founder" of the Jaina system, Arhat, as mchod 'od "Worthy of Worship" (see Jam-y#ang-shay-b#a's Great Exposition of Tenets, ka, 62a.3). Also, they were aware of ChandrakIrti's gloss of the term as "Worthy One" in his Clear Words: "Because of being worthy of worship by the world of gods, humans, and demi-gods, they are called Arhats" (sadevamAnuøAsurAl lokAt pUnArhatvAd arhannityuchyate [Poussin, 486.5], lha dang mi dang lha ma yin du bcas pa'i 'jig rten gyis mchod par 'os pas dgra bcom pa zhes brjod la [P5260, vol. 98 75.2.2]). Also, they were aware of Haribhadra's twofold etymology in his Illumination of the Eight Thousand Stanza Perfection of Wisdom SUtra. In the context of the list of epithets qualifying the retinue of Buddha at the beginning of the sUtra (see Unrai Wogihara, ed., AbhisamayAla™kArAlokA PrajJA-pAramitA-vyAkhyA, The Work of Haribhadra [Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko, 1932-5; reprint ed., Tokyo: Sankibo Buddhist Book Store, 1973], 8.18), Haribhadra says, "They are called arhant [=Worthy One, from root arh 'to be worthy'] since they are worthy of worship, religious donations, and being assembled together in a group, etc." (W9.8-9: sarva evAtra pUjA-dakøi˜A-ga˜a-parikarøAdy-Arhatayar-han-taH; P5189, 67.5.7: 'dir thams cad kyang mchod pa dang // yon dang tshogs su 'dub la sogs par 'os pas na dgra bcom pa'o).\nAlso, "They are called arhant [= Foe Destroyer, arihan] because they have destroyed (hata) the foe (ari)."\n(W10.18: hatAritvAd arhantaH; P5189, 69.3.6. dgra rnams bcom pas na dgra bcom pa'o). Thus, this is a considered preference in the face of alternative etymologies—"Foe Destroyer" requiring a not unusual i infix to make ari-han, ari meaning enemy and han meaning to kill, and thus "Foe Destroyer." Unfortunately, one word in English cannot convey both this meaning and "Worthy of Worship"; thus, I have gone with what clearly has become the predominant meaning in Tibet. (For an excellent discussion of the two etymologies of "Arhat" in Buddhism and Jainism, see L.M. Joshi's "Facets of Jaina Religiousness in Comparative Light," L.D. Series 85, [Ahmedabad: L.D. Institute of Indology, May 1981], 53-58). Institute of Indology, May 1981], 53-58).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1812  + (Comment: Buddhaguhya (sangs rgyas gsang ba … Comment: Buddhaguhya (sangs rgyas gsang ba) explains that the term muni (thub pa) means that the person has restrained body, speech, and mind (lus la sogs pa sdams pa ni thub pa zhes bya'o). Tibetan oral traditions also take thub pa as referring to one who has overcome the enemy that is the afflictive emotions. Many translators render muni as "sage," but I choose "subduer" because it conveys the sense of conquest that the term has in Tibetan, for thub pa means "able," with a sense of being able to overcome someone else. (ShAkya, the name of this Buddha's clan, also means "able" or "potent," this probably being the reason why the name ShAkyamuni was translated into Tibetan as zAkya thub pa, with the first part of the compound in transliterated Sanskrit and the second in Tibetan.) The term dbang po (indra) means "supreme one," "powerful one," "lord," and more loosely "king"; ShAkyamuni is depicted as the supreme among Subduers.is depicted as the supreme among Subduers.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1532  + (Comment: Dol-b#o-b#a S#hay-rap-gyel-tsen r … Comment: Dol-b#o-b#a S#hay-rap-gyel-tsen refers to these three as the quintessential instructions of tenth grounders. These are KalkI PuNDarIka's (rigs ldan pad ma dkar po) Great Commentary on the "KAlachakra Tantra": Stainless Light (bsdus pa'i rgyud kyi rgyal po dus kyi 'khor lo'i 'grel bshad rtsa ba'i rgyud kyi rjes su 'jug pa stong phrag bcu gnyis pa dri ma med pa'i 'od ces bya ba, vimAlaprabhAnAmamUlatantrAnusAriNIdvAdazasAhasrikAlaghukAlacakratantrarAjaTIkA), Peking 2064, vol. 46; Vajragarbha's (rdo rje snying po) Commentary on the Condensation of the Hevajra Tantra (kye'i rdo rje bsdus pa'i don gyi rgya cher 'grel pa, hevajrapiNDArthaTIkA), Peking 2310, vol. 53; and VajrapANi's (phyag na rdo rje) Meaning Commentary on the CakrasaMvara Tantra. The latter two commentaries are done in the manner of the KAlachakra Tantra, that is to say, through the grid of the teachings in the KAlachakra.e grid of the teachings in the KAlachakra.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/661  + (Comment: I use this translation-equivalent … Comment: I use this translation-equivalent because, although by extension the term means "refute" or "contradict," I often find Sanskrit and Tibetan philosophical terminology to be far richer in its literal meaning than in its rerendering into what some English-speaking scholars have identified as its philosophical meaning. Much of the psychological punch (pun intended) is lost in such translations.un intended) is lost in such translations.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1014  + (Comment: In the Tibetan medical system, on … Comment: In the Tibetan medical system, one of the three primary elements promoting health, when balanced, and disease, when imbalanced--the other two being wind (rlung) and phlegm (bad kan). The three are called the three problematics (nyes pa, doza), often mistranslated as "humours," which are necessarily fluids whereas wind is not a fluid.sarily fluids whereas wind is not a fluid.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1527  + (Comment: In the division into four, the fi … Comment: In the division into four, the first refers to the mind-generations of the paths of accumulation (tshogs lam) and preparation (sbyor lam), the second to the mind-generations of the first seven grounds of Bodhisattva Superiors, the third to the mind-generations of the eighth, ninth, and tenth grounds of Bodhisattva Superiors, and the fourth to the mind-generations of Buddhas.fourth to the mind-generations of Buddhas.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/614  + (Comment: Ken-sur Nga-w#ang-lek-den etymolo … Comment: Ken-sur Nga-w#ang-lek-den etymologized this is "full-fall", i.e., one who is filled with the afflictions and has fallen into cyclic existence. As he said, this is not true of all persons, because even a Buddha, for instance, is a person. It is to be noted that animals, for instance, are persons. It is said that in general "self" (bdag, Atman) "person," and "I" (nga, ahaM) are equivalent, but in the particular context of the selflessness of persons "self" and "person" are not at all equivalent and do not at all have the same meaning. In the term "selflessness of persons," "self" refers to a falsely imagined status that needs to be refuted, whereas "persons" refers to existent beings who are the bases with respect to which that refutation is made. All four Buddhist schools, therefore, hold that persons exist; they do not claim that persons are mere fictions of ignorance. The schools hold differing opinions on the nature of the person. According to Ge-luk-b#a scholars, all except the Middle Way Consequence School posit something from within the bases of imputation of a person — usually either mind or the collection of mind and body — as being the person. In contrast, the Consequence School holds that, even though a person is imputed in dependence upon mind and body (in the Formless Realm, a person is imputed in dependence only on mind), the person is neither mind nor body nor a collection of mind and body, since it is just the I that is imputed in dependence upon mind and body. Following the lead of ChandrakIrti, recognized by most as the founder of the Consequence School, Ge-luk-b#a scholars identify how in the other schools some factor among the five aggregates (forms, feelings, discriminations, compositional factors, and consciousnesses) or the collection of them is considered to be the person when sought analytically from among its bases of imputation: the Proponents of the Great Exposition, in general, hold that the mere collection of the mental and physical aggregates is the person; however, some of the five SaMmitIya subschools of the Great Exposition School maintain that all five aggregates are the person (although the absurdity of one person being five persons would seem difficult not to notice) while another subschool, the Avantaka, asserts that the mind alone is the person; the SUtra School Following Scripture assert that the continuum of the aggregates is the person; the SUtra School Following Reasoning maintains that the mental consciousness is the person; the Mind-Only School Following Scripture holds that the mind-basis-of-all (kun gzhi rnam par shes pa, AlayavijJAna) is the person; the Mind-Only School Following Reasoning asserts that the mental consciousness is the person; both the Yogic Autonomy School and the SUtra Autonomy School assert that a subtle, neutral mental consciousness is the person. For the most part, the delineation of what these schools assert to be the person is a matter of conjecture and not reporting of forthright statements in these schools' own texts. Though it is clear that most of these schools (if not all) accept that persons exist, it is often not clear in their own literature that they assert that something from within the bases of imputation of a person is the person. Rather, as presented in Vasubandhu's commentary on the ninth chapter of his Treasury of Manifest Knowledge, persons are merely asserted to be "non-associated compositional factors" (ldan min 'du byed, viprayuktasaMskAra) and thus an instance of the fourth aggregate, compositional factors, without a specific identification — of any of the five aggregates that are a person's bases of imputation — as the person.son's bases of imputation — as the person.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1262  + (Comment: Magee found no instance of svarUpam being translated into Tibetan as rang gi gzugs.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1639  + (Comment: Often used to refer to the Sanskrit original of a Tibetan term or to the Tibetan translation equivalent of a Sanskrit term.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1212  + (Comment: Same as (gzhan 'byor lnga). (PH) I added the Tibetan from Gön-chok-jik-may-w#ang-b#o)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1069  + (Comment: Same as (las kyi mtha' ma lnga). (PH) I added the Tibetan from Gön-chok-jik-may-w#ang-b#o)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1100  + (Comment: Same as (rang 'byor lnga). (PH) I added the Tibetan from Gön-chok-jik-may-w#ang-b#o)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1399  + (Comment: The 98th Gan-den Tri-b#a (dga' ld … Comment: The 98th Gan-den Tri-b#a (dga' ldan khri pa) Jam-b#el-shen-pen ('jam dpal gzhan phan) explains, "Base" (rmangs) means the support of a wall, as in "foundation" (rmangs gzhi). Since it refers to something low, if you call someone "Base one!" (rmangs mo), you are saying they are the lowest and the worst. saying they are the lowest and the worst.)