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• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1467  + (one of the six synonyms of permanent phenomenon (rtag pa) according to B-7; for others see: rtag pa. Not to be confused with 'objects that appear to thought' (yul de rtog pa la snang ba) (GD:547))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/521  + (one of the three non-entitynesses related … one of the three non-entitynesses related to the three characters in the Mind-Only School; the others are non-entityness in terms of character (mtshan nyid ngo bo med pa; lakSaNa-niHsvabhAvatA) and non-entityness in terms of production (skye ba ngo bo nyid med pa; utpattiniHsvabhAvatA) (T) bo nyid med pa; utpattiniHsvabhAvatA) (T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/736  + (one of the three realms in Buddhist cosmology; the others are: the formless realm (gzugs med khams, arUpya-dhAtu) and the desire realm ('dod khams, kAma-dhAtu))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/742  + (one of the three realms in Buddhist cosmology; the others are: the form realm (gzugs khams, rUpa-dhAtu) and the desire realm ('dod khams, kAma-dhAtu))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/28  + (one of the three realms in Buddhist cosmology; the others are: the form realm (gzugs khams, rUpa-dhAtu) and the formless realm (gzugs med khams, arUpya-dhAtu))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/26  + (one of the three realms in Buddhist cosmology; the others are: form realm (gzugs khams, rUpa-dhAtu); and formless realm (gzugs med khams, arUpya-dhAtu))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1237  + (one of the three types of Buddhist practitioner; the others are: Hearers (nyan thos, zrAvaka); and MahAyAnists (theg chen pa))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1158  + (one of the three types of yogic direct perceiver; the others are: Solitary Realizer's yogic direct perceiver (rang rgyal gyi rnal 'byor mngon sum) and MahAyAna yogic direct perceiver (theg chen gyi rnal 'byor mngon sum))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/414  + (one of the two main schools of MahAyAna Buddhism; the other is Mind-Only (sems tsam, citta-mAtra))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/760  + (one of the two types of MahAyAna path of n … one of the two types of MahAyAna path of no more learning (theg chen gyi mi slob lam), the other being exalted knower of all aspects that knows conventional truths (ji snyed pa mkhyen pa'i rnam mkhyen)SW: have we changed translations of 'ji snyed pa' and 'ji lta ba' from "varieties and modes" to "conventional truths and ultimate truths"?"conventional truths and ultimate truths"?)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/758  + (one of the two types of MahAyAna path of n … one of the two types of MahAyAna path of no more learning (theg chen gyi mi slob lam), the other being exalted knower of all aspects that knows the ultimate truth (ji lta ba mkhyen pa'i rnam mkhyen)SW: have we changed translations of 'ji snyed pa' and 'ji lta ba' from "varieties and modes" to "conventional truths and ultimate truths"?"conventional truths and ultimate truths"?)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/658  + (one of the two types of impellers (nye bar len pa) in the Mind-Only School (sems tsam, citta-mAtra); the other is impeller of predispositions (bag chags nye bar len))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1197  + (one of the unorthodox (nAstika) schools of Indian philosophy; they believed only in the present life and in the existence of material elements, and hence are sometimes referred to as Materialists)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1225  + (p.n. of the great Buddhist philosopher, author of the Compendium of Valid Cognition (pramANa-samuccaya))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1223  + (p.n. of the great Buddhist philosopher, author of the Compendium of Valid Cognition (pramANa-samuccaya))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/143  + (phlegm; Comment: This is one of the three … phlegm; Comment: This is one of the three problematics (nyes pa; doza), often mistranslated as "humours," but the "humours" are fluids as in the four elemental fluids of the body--blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. In Buddhist medicine the three problematics, which, when in balance, promote health and, when imbalanced, promote disease, are wind (rlung), bile (mkhris pa), and phlegm (pad kan).), bile (mkhris pa), and phlegm (pad kan).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/231  + (see: rtsom Comment: Gung-tang explains that brtsams here means "taking such and such as substrata" (khyad gzhir bzung ba), although in other places it means that "the thought comes down to such and such" (dgongs pa der 'bab pa tsam).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1344  + (the mountain which is at the center of the universe in traditional Buddhist cosmology)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1773  + (the two types of proponents of the Middle Way School (mAdhyamika)\nI added English to English (T))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/974  + (these are the three baskets (tripiTaka) of the Buddhist canon)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/972  + (these are the three baskets (tripiTaka) of the Buddhist canon)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/37  + (through the force of taming; Comment: Jik- … through the force of taming; Comment: Jik-may-dam-chö-gya-tso reports that D#ra-d#i Ge-s#hay Rin-chen-dön-drup (pra sti dge bshes rin chen don grub) interprets "through the force of taming" as "through the force of taming trainees having the lineage of the Middle Way School by means of the literal reading" (gdul bya dbu ma pa'i rigs can sgras zin des 'dul ba'i dbang gis). However, Jik-may-dam-chö-gya-tso points out that D#zong-ka-b#a himself in the section on the Consequence School of the Essence of Eloquence glosses "through the force of taming" with "through the force of trainees' thought" (gdul bya'i bsam pa'i dbang gis). It seems to me that both interpretations are suitable.me that both interpretations are suitable.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1848  + (two modes; the two systems; Comment: Gung- … two modes; the two systems; Comment: Gung-tang takes "two modes" (tshul gnyis) as referring to two different great ways of positing what requires interpretation and what is definitive — as found in two modes of the Middle Way School and the Mind-Only School for commenting on the final thought of the Perfection of Wisdom SUtras.hought of the Perfection of Wisdom SUtras.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/525  + (ultimate truths are understood in differen … ultimate truths are understood in different ways by the various Buddhist systems; see definition headingComment: The Sanskrit for "ultimate truth," paramArthasatya, is etymologized three ways within identifying parama as "highest" or "ultimate," artha as "object," and satya as "truth." In the first way, parama (highest, ultimate) refers to a consciousness of meditative equipoise directly realizing emptiness; artha (object) refers to the object of that consciousness, emptiness; and satya (truth) also refers to emptiness in that in direct perception emptiness appears the way it exists; that is, there is no discrepancy between the mode of appearance and the mode of being. In this interpretation, a paramArthasatya is a "truth-that-is-an-object-of-the-highest-consciousness." In the second way, both parama (highest, ultimate) and artha (object) refer to a consciousness of meditative equipoise directly realizing emptiness in that, in the broadest meaning of "object," both objects and subjects are objects, and a consciousness of meditative equipoise directly realizing emptiness is the highest consciousness and thus highest object; satya (truth), as before, refers to emptiness. In this second interpretation, a paramArthasatya is an emptiness that exists the way it appears to a highest consciousness, a "truth-of-a-highest-object." In the third etymology, all three parts refer to emptiness in that an emptiness is the highest (the ultimate) and is also an object and a truth, a "truth-that-is-the-highest-object." ChandrakIrti, the chief Consequentialist, favors the third etymology in his Clear Wordsors the third etymology in his Clear Words)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/781  + (various constituents; Comment: In the seve … various constituents; Comment: In the seventh chapter of the SUtra Unraveling the Thought "various constituents" (sna tshogs pa) refers to the eighteen constituents and "manifold constituents" (khams du ma) refers to the six constituents. See also khams; khams tha dad pa; khams du ma.also khams; khams tha dad pa; khams du ma.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/934  + (videha; Comment: This is one of the eight … videha; Comment: This is one of the eight smaller continents of Buddhist cosmology (gling phran brgyad) that, two each, are next to four large continents: In the center, is the monarch of mountains, ri rab (meru). The four continents and eight smaller continents are (1) shar lus 'phags po (videha), the eastern continent "land of [those with] superior/large bodies" with lus (deha) and lus 'phags (videha); (2) lho 'dzam bu gling (jambudvIpa), the southern continent "Jambu-tree land" with rnga yab (cAmara) and rnga yab gzhan (aparacAmara); (3) nub ba blang spyod (godanIya) the western continent "land of using cattle" with g.yo ldan (sAthA) and lam mchog 'gro (uttaramantriNa); (4) byang sgra mi snyan (kuru), the northern continent "land of unpleasant sound" with sgra mi snyan (kurava) and sgra mi snyan kyi zla (kaurava). Surrounding all of these is an outer rim of iron mountains.f these is an outer rim of iron mountains.)

• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1181  + (an early Indian Buddhist school thought by some scholars to have been a predecessor of MahAyAna)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1182  + (an early Indian Buddhist school thought by some scholars to have been a predecessor of MahAyAna)

• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/45  + ('dzam bu gling; Comment: In Buddhist cosmo … 'dzam bu gling; Comment: In Buddhist cosmology there are four large continents, each of which has two smaller continents (gling phran brgyad) next to it: In the center, is the monarch of mountains, ri rab (meru). The four continents and eight smaller continents are (1) shar lus 'phags po (videha), the eastern continent "land of [those with] superior/large bodies" with lus (deha) and lus 'phags (videha); (2) lho 'dzam bu gling (jambudvIpa), the southern continent "Jambu-tree land" with rnga yab (cAmara) and rnga yab gzhan (aparacAmara); (3) nub ba blang spyod (godanIya) the western continent "land of using cattle" with g.yo ldan (sAthA) and lam mchog 'gro (uttaramantriNa); (4) byang sgra mi snyan (kuru), the northern continent "land of unpleasant sound" with sgra mi snyan (kurava) and sgra mi snyan kyi zla (kaurava). Surrounding all of these is an outer rim of iron mountains.f these is an outer rim of iron mountains.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/911  + ('dzam bu gling; Comment: In Buddhist cosmo … 'dzam bu gling; Comment: In Buddhist cosmology there are four large continents, each of which has two smaller continents (gling phran brgyad) next to it: In the center, is the monarch of mountains, ri rab (meru). The four continents and eight smaller continents are (1) shar lus 'phags po (videha), the eastern continent "land of [those with] superior/large bodies" with lus (deha) and lus 'phags (videha); (2) lho 'dzam bu gling (jambudvIpa), the southern continent "Jambu-tree land" with rnga yab (cAmara) and rnga yab gzhan (aparacAmara); (3) nub ba blang spyod (godanIya) the western continent "land of using cattle" with g.yo ldan (sAthA) and lam mchog 'gro (uttaramantriNa); (4) byang sgra mi snyan (kuru), the northern continent "land of unpleasant sound" with sgra mi snyan (kurava) and sgra mi snyan kyi zla (kaurava). Surrounding all of these is an outer rim of iron mountains.f these is an outer rim of iron mountains.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/517  + ((PH) does "ultimate" here refer to "Mahayana" Abhidharma? if so, add "[of the Great Vehicle]" to Eng. equiv?)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/845  + (A#nandagarbha; Comment: Three Indian schol … A#nandagarbha; Comment: Three Indian scholars are renowned especially for their works on Yoga Tantra, whom New Translation Schools consider the "Three People Expert/Proficient in Yoga [Tantra]" (yoga la mi mkhas pa gsum): Buddhaguhya (sangs rgyas gsang ba; fl. mid eighth century), ShAkyamitra (shA kya bshes gnyen), and A#nandagarbha (kun dga' snying po; fl. late ninth or early tenth century). D#zong-ka-b#a relies on A#nandagarbha for Yoga Tantra but criticizes his interpretation of the GuhyasamAja Tantra. interpretation of the GuhyasamAja Tantra.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1505  + (Buddhaguhya; Comment: Three Indian scholar … Buddhaguhya; Comment: Three Indian scholars are renowned especially for their works on Yoga Tantra, whom New Translation Schools consider the "Three People Expert/Proficient in Yoga [Tantra]" (yoga la mi mkhas pa gsum): Buddhaguhya (sangs rgyas gsang ba; fl. mid eighth century), ShAkyamitra (shA kya bshes gnyen), and A#nandagarbha (kun dga' snying po; fl. late ninth or early tenth century). Buddhaguhya authored the Entry into the Meaning of the Tantra (rgyud kyi don la 'jug pa, tantrArthAvatara), as well as commentaries on Action and Performance Tantras. As an important figure in N#ying-ma MahAyoga lineages he taught Padmasambhava and Vimalamitra and authored texts.mbhava and Vimalamitra and authored texts.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1846  + (Comment: A Nihilist school of Indian philosophy, represented by JayarAzi BhaTTa, author of the Tattvopalava-siMha. Caru means "beautiful." See rgyang phan pa.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1852  + (Comment: A Nihilist school of Indian philosophy, represented by JayarAzi BhaTTa, author of the Tattvopalava-siMha. Caru means "beautiful." See rgyang phan pa.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/738  + (Comment: A form's being a conceived object of a conceptual consciousness [means] that a form is taken as the object of the mode of apprehension apprehending form by way of being conceived [that is, thought about] by a conceptual consciousness.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/671  + (Comment: A non-Buddhist school renowned in … Comment: A non-Buddhist school renowned in Buddhist texts as the precursor of all Indian systems and so called due to the belief that liberation can be gained through thoroughly understanding the enumeration of twenty-five categories of objects of knowledge which principally involves distinguishing between mind and twentt-four categories of matter.mind and twentt-four categories of matter.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/467  + (Comment: Arhan/ arhant (dgra bcom pa) is t … Comment: Arhan/ arhant (dgra bcom pa) is translated as "Foe Destroyer" to accord with the usual Tibetan translation of the term and to assist in capturing the flavor of oral and written traditions that frequently refer to this etymology. Arhats have overcome the foe which is the afflictive emotions (nyon mongs, kleza), the chief of which is ignorance, the conception (according to the Consequence School) that persons and phenomena are established by way of their own character.\n The Indian and Tibetan translators were also aware of the etymology of arhant as "worthy one," as they translated the name of the "founder" of the Jaina system, Arhat, as mchod 'od "Worthy of Worship" (see Jam-y#ang-shay-b#a's Great Exposition of Tenets, ka, 62a.3). Also, they were aware of ChandrakIrti's gloss of the term as "Worthy One" in his Clear Words: "Because of being worthy of worship by the world of gods, humans, and demi-gods, they are called Arhats" (sadevamAnuøAsurAl lokAt pUnArhatvAd arhannityuchyate [Poussin, 486.5], lha dang mi dang lha ma yin du bcas pa'i 'jig rten gyis mchod par 'os pas dgra bcom pa zhes brjod la [P5260, vol. 98 75.2.2]). Also, they were aware of Haribhadra's twofold etymology in his Illumination of the Eight Thousand Stanza Perfection of Wisdom SUtra. In the context of the list of epithets qualifying the retinue of Buddha at the beginning of the sUtra (see Unrai Wogihara, ed., AbhisamayAla™kArAlokA PrajJA-pAramitA-vyAkhyA, The Work of Haribhadra [Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko, 1932-5; reprint ed., Tokyo: Sankibo Buddhist Book Store, 1973], 8.18), Haribhadra says, "They are called arhant [=Worthy One, from root arh 'to be worthy'] since they are worthy of worship, religious donations, and being assembled together in a group, etc." (W9.8-9: sarva evAtra pUjA-dakøi˜A-ga˜a-parikarøAdy-Arhatayar-han-taH; P5189, 67.5.7: 'dir thams cad kyang mchod pa dang // yon dang tshogs su 'dub la sogs par 'os pas na dgra bcom pa'o).\nAlso, "They are called arhant [= Foe Destroyer, arihan] because they have destroyed (hata) the foe (ari)."\n(W10.18: hatAritvAd arhantaH; P5189, 69.3.6. dgra rnams bcom pas na dgra bcom pa'o). Thus, this is a considered preference in the face of alternative etymologies—"Foe Destroyer" requiring a not unusual i infix to make ari-han, ari meaning enemy and han meaning to kill, and thus "Foe Destroyer." Unfortunately, one word in English cannot convey both this meaning and "Worthy of Worship"; thus, I have gone with what clearly has become the predominant meaning in Tibet. (For an excellent discussion of the two etymologies of "Arhat" in Buddhism and Jainism, see L.M. Joshi's "Facets of Jaina Religiousness in Comparative Light," L.D. Series 85, [Ahmedabad: L.D. Institute of Indology, May 1981], 53-58). Institute of Indology, May 1981], 53-58).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/661  + (Comment: I use this translation-equivalent … Comment: I use this translation-equivalent because, although by extension the term means "refute" or "contradict," I often find Sanskrit and Tibetan philosophical terminology to be far richer in its literal meaning than in its rerendering into what some English-speaking scholars have identified as its philosophical meaning. Much of the psychological punch (pun intended) is lost in such translations.un intended) is lost in such translations.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1548  + (Comment: Important Indian figure in MahAyoga and Yoga Tantra lineages. Author of the famous B#ar-kap (spar khab) commentary on the Guhyagarbha Tantra.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1549  + (Comment: Important Indian figure in MahAyoga and Yoga Tantra lineages. Author of the famous B#ar-kap (spar khab) commentary on the Guhyagarbha Tantra.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1607  + (Comment: In Buddhist cosmology there are f … Comment: In Buddhist cosmology there are four large continents, each of which has two smaller continents (gling phran brgyad) next to it: In the center, is the monarch of mountains, ri rab (meru). The four continents and eight smaller continents are (1) shar lus 'phags po (videha), the eastern continent "land of [those with] superior/large bodies" with lus (deha) and lus 'phags (videha); (2) lho 'dzam bu gling (jambudvIpa), the southern continent "Jambu-tree land" with rnga yab (cAmara) and rnga yab gzhan (aparacAmara); (3) nub ba blang spyod (godanIya) the western continent "land of using cattle" with g.yo ldan (sAthA) and lam mchog 'gro (uttaramantriNa); (4) byang sgra mi snyan (kuru), the northern continent "land of unpleasant sound" with sgra mi snyan (kurava) and sgra mi snyan kyi zla (kaurava). Surrounding all of these is an outer rim of iron mountains.f these is an outer rim of iron mountains.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1130  + (Comment: In Buddhist cosmology there are f … Comment: In Buddhist cosmology there are four large continents, each of which has two smaller continents (gling phran brgyad) next to it: In the center, is the monarch of mountains, ri rab (meru). The four continents and eight smaller continents are (1) shar lus 'phags po (videha), the eastern continent "land of [those with] superior/large bodies" with lus (deha) and lus 'phags (videha); (2) lho 'dzam bu gling (jambudvIpa), the southern continent "Jambu-tree land" with rnga yab (cAmara) and rnga yab gzhan (aparacAmara); (3) nub ba blang spyod (godanIya) the western continent "land of using cattle" with g.yo ldan (sAthA) and lam mchog 'gro (uttaramantriNa); (4) byang sgra mi snyan (kuru), the northern continent "land of unpleasant sound" with sgra mi snyan (kurava) and sgra mi snyan kyi zla (kaurava). Surrounding all of these is an outer rim of iron mountains.f these is an outer rim of iron mountains.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/939  + (Comment: In Buddhist cosmology there are f … Comment: In Buddhist cosmology there are four large continents, each of which has two smaller continents (gling phran brgyad) next to it: In the center, is the monarch of mountains, ri rab (meru). The four continents and eight smaller continents are (1) shar lus 'phags po (videha), the eastern continent "land of [those with] superior/large bodies" with lus (deha) and lus 'phags (videha); (2) lho 'dzam bu gling (jambudvIpa), the southern continent "Jambu-tree land" with rnga yab (cAmara) and rnga yab gzhan (aparacAmara); (3) nub ba blang spyod (godanIya) the western continent "land of using cattle" with g.yo ldan (sAthA) and lam mchog 'gro (uttaramantriNa); (4) byang sgra mi snyan (kuru), the northern continent "land of unpleasant sound" with sgra mi snyan (kurava) and sgra mi snyan kyi zla (kaurava). Surrounding all of these is an outer rim of iron mountains.f these is an outer rim of iron mountains.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/644  + (Comment: In Buddhist cosmology there are e … Comment: In Buddhist cosmology there are eight smaller continents (gling phran brgyad) that, two each, are next to four large continents: In the center, is the monarch of mountains, ri rab (meru). The four continents and eight smaller continents are (1) shar lus 'phags po (videha), the eastern continent "land of [those with] superior/large bodies" with lus (deha) and lus 'phags (videha); (2) lho 'dzam bu gling (jambudvIpa), the southern continent "Jambu-tree land" with rnga yab (cAmara) and rnga yab gzhan (aparacAmara); (3) nub ba blang spyod (godanIya) the western continent "land of using cattle" with g.yo ldan (sAthA) and lam mchog 'gro (uttaramantriNa); (4) byang sgra mi snyan (kuru), the northern continent "land of unpleasant sound" with sgra mi snyan (kurava) and sgra mi snyan kyi zla (kaurava). Surrounding all of these is an outer rim of iron mountains.f these is an outer rim of iron mountains.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1562  + (Comment: In Buddhist cosmology this name i … Comment: In Buddhist cosmology this name is used for he northern continent as well as for one of the two smaller continents (gling phran brgyad) that are next to it: In the center, is the monarch of mountains, ri rab (meru). The four continents and eight smaller continents are (1) shar lus 'phags po (videha), the eastern continent "land of [those with] superior/large bodies" with lus (deha) and lus 'phags (videha); (2) lho 'dzam bu gling (jambudvIpa), the southern continent "Jambu-tree land" with rnga yab (cAmara) and rnga yab gzhan (aparacAmara); (3) nub ba blang spyod (godanIya) the western continent "land of using cattle" with g.yo ldan (sAthA) and lam mchog 'gro (uttaramantriNa); (4) byang sgra mi snyan (kuru), the northern continent "land of unpleasant sound" with sgra mi snyan (kurava) and sgra mi snyan kyi zla (kaurava). Surrounding all of these is an outer rim of iron mountains.f these is an outer rim of iron mountains.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/299  + (Comment: In Buddhist cosmology there are f … Comment: In Buddhist cosmology there are four large continents, each of which has two smaller continents (gling phran brgyad) next to it: In the center, is the monarch of mountains, ri rab (meru). The four continents and eight smaller continents are (1) shar lus 'phags po (videha), the eastern continent "land of [those with] superior/large bodies" with lus (deha) and lus 'phags (videha); (2) lho 'dzam bu gling (jambudvIpa), the southern continent "Jambu-tree land" with rnga yab (cAmara) and rnga yab gzhan (aparacAmara); (3) nub ba blang spyod (godanIya) the western continent "land of using cattle" with g.yo ldan (sAthA) and lam mchog 'gro (uttaramantriNa); (4) byang sgra mi snyan (kuru), the northern continent "land of unpleasant sound" with sgra mi snyan (kurava) and sgra mi snyan kyi zla (kaurava). Surrounding all of these is an outer rim of iron mountains.f these is an outer rim of iron mountains.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/142  + (Comment: In Buddhist cosmology there are f … Comment: In Buddhist cosmology there are four large continents, each of which has two smaller continents (gling phran brgyad) next to it: In the center, is the monarch of mountains, ri rab (meru). The four continents and eight smaller continents are (1) shar lus 'phags po (videha), the eastern continent "land of [those with] superior/large bodies" with lus (deha) and lus 'phags (videha); (2) lho 'dzam bu gling (jambudvIpa), the southern continent "Jambu-tree land" with rnga yab (cAmara) and rnga yab gzhan (aparacAmara); (3) nub ba blang spyod (godanIya) the western continent "land of using cattle" with g.yo ldan (sAthA) and lam mchog 'gro (uttaramantriNa); (4) byang sgra mi snyan (kuru), the northern continent "land of unpleasant sound" with sgra mi snyan (kurava) and sgra mi snyan kyi zla (kaurava). Surrounding all of these is an outer rim of iron mountains.f these is an outer rim of iron mountains.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/483  + (Comment: In the Mind-Only School, the thor … Comment: In the Mind-Only School, the thoroughly established nature is the final object of observation by a path of purification, and indeed such a path observes, or apprehends, it; however, despite the fact that phenomena such as chairs are objects of observation of a path of purification, they are not observed or apprehended by it — they are only bases with respect to which emptiness is realized. Hence, the term "object of observation" in this context, as it has come to used in Ge-luk-b#a scholarship, is somewhat misleading. The usage of the term " objects of observation" even for objects that are not being observed may have come from systems that hold that even during direction perception of emptiness the phenomena qualified by emptiness still appear; this is called "meditative equipoise with appearance" (mnyam bzhag snang bcas). D#zong-ka-b#a earlier in his life held this notion but then switched to the opinion that the objects qualified by emptiness do not appear during meditative equipoise (mnyam bzhag snang med). His own commentary (legs bshad gser 'phreng) on Maitreya's Ornament for Clear Realization reflects his earlier notion, whereas his student Gyel-tsap's commentary (rnam bzhad snying po rgyan) reflects his later view. snying po rgyan) reflects his later view.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/850  + (Comment: In the SUtra School Following Rea … Comment: In the SUtra School Following Reasoning the following are equivalent: conventional truth (kun rdzob bden pa); permanent phenomenon (rtag pa); generally characterized phenomenon (spyi mtshan); phenomenon which is not a [functioning] thing (dngos med kyi chos); uncompounded phenomenon ('dus ma byas kyi chos); unproduced phenomenon (ma byas pa'i chos).unproduced phenomenon (ma byas pa'i chos).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/853  + (Comment: In the SUtra School Following Rea … Comment: In the SUtra School Following Reasoning the following are equivalent: conventional truth (kun rdzob bden pa); permanent phenomenon (rtag pa); generally characterized phenomenon (spyi mtshan); phenomenon which is not a [functioning] thing (dngos med kyi chos); uncompounded phenomenon ('dus ma byas kyi chos); unproduced phenomenon (ma byas pa'i chos).unproduced phenomenon (ma byas pa'i chos).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/506  + (Comment: In the SUtra School and above, il … Comment: In the SUtra School and above, illustrations of phenomena which are non-things, that is to say, which exist but do not perform the function of creating effects, are object of knowledge (shes bya); the two, permanent and functioning thing (rtag dngos gnyis); uncompounded space ('dus ma byas kyi nam mkha').ounded space ('dus ma byas kyi nam mkha').)