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• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/984  + (one of the two divisions of negation (dgag … one of the two divisions of negation (dgag pa); the other is: affirming negative (ma yin dgag, paryudAsa-pratiSedha)Comment: The division of negatives, or negations, into affirming and non-affirming, or implicative and non-implicative, is traced to MimAMsA injunctions to refrain from activities that either imply another activity in its place or not. For example, the non-existence of the horns of a rabbit is expressed by the sentence, "The horns of a rabbit do not exist," and this does not suggest anything positive in place of the horns of a rabbit. Though it can suggest another non-affirming negative such as the non-existence of the beauty of the horns of a rabbit, it does not suggest any positive phenomenon in place of its object of negation. In the same way, an emptiness is a non-affirming negative such that the term expressing it does not suggest in place of the negation of its own object of negation another, positive phenomenon. See also "affirming negation" (ma yin dgag).e also "affirming negation" (ma yin dgag).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1259  + (one of the two kinds of non-affirming negatives; see: med dgag; an illustration is: the selflessness of persons (gang zag gi bdag med))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1258  + (one of the two kinds of non-affirming negatives; see: med dgag; an illustration is: non-existence of pot (bum pa med pa))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1727  + (one of the two types of Hearer path of no more learning (nyan thos kyi mi slob lam); the other is Hearer exalted knower that has gradual objects of abandonment (spang bya rim gyis pa'i dgra bcom pa'i mkhyen pa))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1726  + (one of the two types of Hearer path of no more learning (nyan thos kyi mi slob lam); the other is Hearer exalted knower that has gradual objects of abandonment (spang bya cig char ba'i dgra bcom pa'i mkhyen pa ))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/985  + (one of the two types of other-eliminator (gzhan sel); the other is other-eliminator that is an affirming negative (ma yin dgag gi gzhan sel))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/543  + (one of the two types of other-eliminator that is an affirming negative (ma yin dgag gi gzhan sel); the other is other-eliminator that is a mind (blo'i gzhan sel))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/527  + (one of the two types of other-eliminator that is an affirming negative (ma yin dgag gi gzhan sel); the other is other-eliminator that is a mind (blo'i gzhan sel))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/199  + (one of the two types of other-eliminators that are affirming negatives (ma yin dgag gi gzhan sel); the other is don rang mtshan gyi gzhan sel)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1724  + (one of the two types of paths of release of a Hearer's path of meditation; the other is: done in terms of a person who has gradual objects of abandonment (spang bya rim gyis pa'i dbang du byas pa))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1725  + (one of the two types of paths of release of a Hearer's path of meditation; the other is: done in terms of a person who has simultaneous objects of abandonment (spang bya cig char ba'i dbang du byas pa))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/716  + (other-knower; an other-knower is a consciousness which engages external objects (i.e. objects other than internal consciousnesses))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/935  + (physical isolation; Comment: This is the f … physical isolation; Comment: This is the first of the six stages of the completion stage in the GuhyasamAja system of Highest Yoga Tanta: physical isolation (lus dben), verbal isolation (ngag dben), mental isolation (sems dben), illusory body (sgyus lus), clear light ('od gsal), union (zung 'jug).clear light ('od gsal), union (zung 'jug).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1281  + (rajas; Comment: In SAmkhya this is one of … rajas; Comment: In SAmkhya this is one of the three material qualities (yon tan gsum, triguNa): lightness (snying stobs, sattva), 2) motility (rdul, rajas), 3) darkness (mun pa, tamas). Dzong-ka-ba's Great Exposition of Secret Mantra a passage cites a passage calling the three subtler consciousnesses preceding the mind of clear light according to the GuhyasamAja system sattva, rajas, and tamas.hyasamAja system sattva, rajas, and tamas.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1870  + (real conventional truth; Comment: From within objects and subjects, the translation for objects is "real conventional truth"; for subjects it is "correct conventional truth.")
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1704  + (sattva; Comment: In SAmkhya this is one of … sattva; Comment: In SAmkhya this is one of the three material qualities (yon tan gsum, triguNa): lightness (snying stobs, sattva), 2) motility (rdul, rajas), 3) darkness (mun pa, tamas). Dzong-ka-ba's Great Exposition of Secret Mantra a passage cites a passage calling the three subtler consciousnesses preceding the mind of clear light according to the GuhyasamAja system sattva, rajas, and tamas.hyasamAja system sattva, rajas, and tamas.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1740  + (spyi'i mtshan nyid; Comment: This term is … spyi'i mtshan nyid; Comment: This term is used in two markedly different ways, generally characterized phenomenon and general character. Generally characterized phenomena (spyi mtshan) are solely permanent phenomena such as uncompounded space ('dus ma byas kyi nam mkha'). However, general characteristic, or general character, (spyi'i mtshan nyid) refers to a character of an object that is shared with other objects; for instance, impermanence is a general characteristic of consciousness (shes pa) and is also a general characteristic of form (gzugs). Similarly, specifically characterized phenomena (rang mtshan) are solely impermanent phenomena such as consciousness (shes pa) and form (gzugs), but the specific characteristic, or specific character, (rang gi mtshan nyid) of an object is its own definining character such as that which is luminous and knowing (gsal zhing rig pa), which is the definition of consciousness (shes pa), an impermanent phenomena; and the non-affirming negative which is a mere negation of obstructive contact (thogs reg bkag tsam gyi med dgag), which is the definition of uncompounded space, a permanent phenomena.uncompounded space, a permanent phenomena.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1086  + (tamas; Comment: In SAmkhya this is one of … tamas; Comment: In SAmkhya this is one of the three material qualities (yon tan gsum, triguNa): lightness (snying stobs, sattva), 2) motility (rdul, rajas), 3) darkness (mun pa, tamas). Dzong-ka-ba's Great Exposition of Secret Mantra a passage cites a passage calling the three subtler consciousnesses preceding the mind of clear light according to the GuhyasamAja system sattva, rajas, and tamas.hyasamAja system sattva, rajas, and tamas.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/952  + (the two divisions of negative (dgag pa, pratiSedha))
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1915  + (this implies inherent existence in the PrAsaGgika system)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/417  + (this is also the title of a work from: Cle … this is also the title of a work from: Clear Exposition of the Presentation of Tenets (grub pa'i mtha'i rnam par bzhag pa gsal bar bshad pa, PrAsaGgika-MAdhyamaka section), by Jang-gya Rol-bay-dor-jay (lcang skya rol pa'i rdo rje,1717-1786); translated with commentary by Jeffrey Hopkins, unpublished manuscriptby Jeffrey Hopkins, unpublished manuscript)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1931  + (this is always a non-existent; compare: yul can gyi dgag bya)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1871  + (true establishment is one of the five objects of negation in the SvAtrantika system, and one of the eight in the PrAsaGgika system; for others see: [[dgag bya]])
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/525  + (ultimate truths are understood in differen … ultimate truths are understood in different ways by the various Buddhist systems; see definition headingComment: The Sanskrit for "ultimate truth," paramArthasatya, is etymologized three ways within identifying parama as "highest" or "ultimate," artha as "object," and satya as "truth." In the first way, parama (highest, ultimate) refers to a consciousness of meditative equipoise directly realizing emptiness; artha (object) refers to the object of that consciousness, emptiness; and satya (truth) also refers to emptiness in that in direct perception emptiness appears the way it exists; that is, there is no discrepancy between the mode of appearance and the mode of being. In this interpretation, a paramArthasatya is a "truth-that-is-an-object-of-the-highest-consciousness." In the second way, both parama (highest, ultimate) and artha (object) refer to a consciousness of meditative equipoise directly realizing emptiness in that, in the broadest meaning of "object," both objects and subjects are objects, and a consciousness of meditative equipoise directly realizing emptiness is the highest consciousness and thus highest object; satya (truth), as before, refers to emptiness. In this second interpretation, a paramArthasatya is an emptiness that exists the way it appears to a highest consciousness, a "truth-of-a-highest-object." In the third etymology, all three parts refer to emptiness in that an emptiness is the highest (the ultimate) and is also an object and a truth, a "truth-that-is-the-highest-object." ChandrakIrti, the chief Consequentialist, favors the third etymology in his Clear Wordsors the third etymology in his Clear Words)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1959  + (union; Comment: This is the sixth of the s … union; Comment: This is the sixth of the six stages of the completion stage in the GuhyasamAja system of Highest Yoga Tanta: physical isolation (lus dben), verbal isolation (ngag dben), mental isolation (sems dben), illusory body (sgyus lus), clear light ('od gsal), union (zung 'jug).clear light ('od gsal), union (zung 'jug).)

• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1266  + (one of the eight objects of negation in the PrAsaGgika system; for others see: [[dgag bya]])

• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1071  + ((PH) too many synonymsComment: A "definiti … (PH) too many synonymsComment: A "definition" in this the Mind-Only system is not a verbal description; it is the actual object, viewed in one way as being the meaning (don, artha) whereas the definiendum is the name (ming, nAma). In another way, the definition is viewed as a "defining property" that characterizes an object. (PH) added M-O to note. Check. Exclusive view of M-O?M-O to note. Check. Exclusive view of M-O?)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/671  + (Comment: A non-Buddhist school renowned in … Comment: A non-Buddhist school renowned in Buddhist texts as the precursor of all Indian systems and so called due to the belief that liberation can be gained through thoroughly understanding the enumeration of twenty-five categories of objects of knowledge which principally involves distinguishing between mind and twentt-four categories of matter.mind and twentt-four categories of matter.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1352  + (Comment: A non-conceptual ultimate conscio … Comment: A non-conceptual ultimate consciousness is one of meditative equipoise in which a yogi directly realizes emptiness, whereas a conceptual ultimate consciousness is one that realizes emptiness through the medium of a conceptual image. Both are called "reasoning consciousnesses" most likely because they are generated from having analyzed with reasoning to determine whether an object exists in accordance with (in the Mind-Only system) the superimposition of the imputational nature. (PH) qualification "in M-O" added. needed?(PH) qualification "in M-O" added. needed?)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/822  + (Comment: A subject marker in logical texts … Comment: A subject marker in logical texts. The first example given above is the definition of ldog chos phung sum tsam po ba (isolate-phenomenon-of-the-third-type), illustrations of which are dgag pa (negative phenomenon), dngos po'i spyi (generality-of-functioning-thing), etc.yi (generality-of-functioning-thing), etc.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/73  + (Comment: A syncretic system propounded by Dol-b#o-b#a S#hay-rap-gyel-tsen. Synonyms include Ultimate Mind-Only (don dam pa'i sems tsam), Final Mind-Only (mthar thug gi sems tsam), and Great Middle Way (dbu ma chen po).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1062  + (Comment: A syncretic system propounded by Dol-b#o-b#a S#hay-rap-gyel-tsen. Synonyms include Ultimate Mind-Only (don dam pa'i sems tsam), Great Middle Way (dbu ma chen po), and Supramundane Mind-Only ('jig rten las 'das pa'i sems tsam).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/515  + (Comment: A syncretic system propounded by Dol-b#o-b#a S#hay-rap-gyel-tsen. Synonyms include Great Middle Way (dbu ma chen po), Final Mind-Only (mthar thug gi sems tsam), and Supramundane Mind-Only ('jig rten las 'das pa'i sems tsam).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/415  + (Comment: A syncretic system propounded by … Comment: A syncretic system propounded by Dol-b#o-b#a S#hay-rap-gyel-tsen. Synonyms include Ultimate Mind-Only (don dam pa'i sems tsam), Final Mind-Only (mthar thug gi sems tsam), and Supramundane Mind-Only ('jig rten las 'das pa'i sems tsam). (PH) added this note here & in synonyms. check added this note here & in synonyms. check)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/467  + (Comment: Arhan/ arhant (dgra bcom pa) is t … Comment: Arhan/ arhant (dgra bcom pa) is translated as "Foe Destroyer" to accord with the usual Tibetan translation of the term and to assist in capturing the flavor of oral and written traditions that frequently refer to this etymology. Arhats have overcome the foe which is the afflictive emotions (nyon mongs, kleza), the chief of which is ignorance, the conception (according to the Consequence School) that persons and phenomena are established by way of their own character.\n The Indian and Tibetan translators were also aware of the etymology of arhant as "worthy one," as they translated the name of the "founder" of the Jaina system, Arhat, as mchod 'od "Worthy of Worship" (see Jam-y#ang-shay-b#a's Great Exposition of Tenets, ka, 62a.3). Also, they were aware of ChandrakIrti's gloss of the term as "Worthy One" in his Clear Words: "Because of being worthy of worship by the world of gods, humans, and demi-gods, they are called Arhats" (sadevamAnuøAsurAl lokAt pUnArhatvAd arhannityuchyate [Poussin, 486.5], lha dang mi dang lha ma yin du bcas pa'i 'jig rten gyis mchod par 'os pas dgra bcom pa zhes brjod la [P5260, vol. 98 75.2.2]). Also, they were aware of Haribhadra's twofold etymology in his Illumination of the Eight Thousand Stanza Perfection of Wisdom SUtra. In the context of the list of epithets qualifying the retinue of Buddha at the beginning of the sUtra (see Unrai Wogihara, ed., AbhisamayAla™kArAlokA PrajJA-pAramitA-vyAkhyA, The Work of Haribhadra [Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko, 1932-5; reprint ed., Tokyo: Sankibo Buddhist Book Store, 1973], 8.18), Haribhadra says, "They are called arhant [=Worthy One, from root arh 'to be worthy'] since they are worthy of worship, religious donations, and being assembled together in a group, etc." (W9.8-9: sarva evAtra pUjA-dakøi˜A-ga˜a-parikarøAdy-Arhatayar-han-taH; P5189, 67.5.7: 'dir thams cad kyang mchod pa dang // yon dang tshogs su 'dub la sogs par 'os pas na dgra bcom pa'o).\nAlso, "They are called arhant [= Foe Destroyer, arihan] because they have destroyed (hata) the foe (ari)."\n(W10.18: hatAritvAd arhantaH; P5189, 69.3.6. dgra rnams bcom pas na dgra bcom pa'o). Thus, this is a considered preference in the face of alternative etymologies—"Foe Destroyer" requiring a not unusual i infix to make ari-han, ari meaning enemy and han meaning to kill, and thus "Foe Destroyer." Unfortunately, one word in English cannot convey both this meaning and "Worthy of Worship"; thus, I have gone with what clearly has become the predominant meaning in Tibet. (For an excellent discussion of the two etymologies of "Arhat" in Buddhism and Jainism, see L.M. Joshi's "Facets of Jaina Religiousness in Comparative Light," L.D. Series 85, [Ahmedabad: L.D. Institute of Indology, May 1981], 53-58). Institute of Indology, May 1981], 53-58).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1304  + (Comment: By extension, distraction to hated, neutral, or even other virttous objects is included in the term.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1869  + (Comment: From within objects and subjects, the translation for objects is "real conventionality"; for subjects it is "correct conventionality.")
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/922  + (Comment: From within objects and subjects, the translation for objects is "unreal conventionality"; for subjects it is "incorrect conventionality.")
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/923  + (Comment: From within objects and subjects, the translation for objects is "unreal conventional truth"; for subjects it is "incorrect conventional truth.")
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/857  + (Comment: Ignorance arisen due to a faulty system of tenets, faulty scriptures, etc.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1250  + (Comment: In the GuhyasamAja system of High … Comment: In the GuhyasamAja system of Highest Yoga Tantra as presented in NAgArjuna's Five Stages (rim pa lnga pa, paJcakrama), conceptual consciousnesses are detailed as of eighty types, divided into three classes. The first group of thirty-three is composed of conceptual consciousnesses that involve a strong movement of "wind" to their objects. They include conceptions such as fear, attachment, hunger, thirst, compassion, acquisitiveness, and jealousy. The second group of forty conceptions is composed of conceptual consciousnesses that involve a medium movement of "wind" to their objects — conceptions such as joy, amazement, generosity, desiring to kiss, heroism, non-gentleness, and crookedness. The third group of seven conceptions involve a weak movement of "wind" to their objects — forgetfulness, mistake as in apprehending water in a mirage, catatonia, depression, laziness, doubt, and equal desire and hatred. The three groups represent, on the ordinary level of consciousness, increasingly less dualistic perception; it is clear that in the third group the mind is strongly withdrawn. They are called "indicative" because, for someone who has not experienced the three subtler levels of consciousness--mind of vivid white appearance, mind of vivid red or organge increase, and mind of black near-attainment (so called because it is near to manifesting the mind of clear light), these indicate what these consciousnesses are like.icate what these consciousnesses are like.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/483  + (Comment: In the Mind-Only School, the thor … Comment: In the Mind-Only School, the thoroughly established nature is the final object of observation by a path of purification, and indeed such a path observes, or apprehends, it; however, despite the fact that phenomena such as chairs are objects of observation of a path of purification, they are not observed or apprehended by it — they are only bases with respect to which emptiness is realized. Hence, the term "object of observation" in this context, as it has come to used in Ge-luk-b#a scholarship, is somewhat misleading. The usage of the term " objects of observation" even for objects that are not being observed may have come from systems that hold that even during direction perception of emptiness the phenomena qualified by emptiness still appear; this is called "meditative equipoise with appearance" (mnyam bzhag snang bcas). D#zong-ka-b#a earlier in his life held this notion but then switched to the opinion that the objects qualified by emptiness do not appear during meditative equipoise (mnyam bzhag snang med). His own commentary (legs bshad gser 'phreng) on Maitreya's Ornament for Clear Realization reflects his earlier notion, whereas his student Gyel-tsap's commentary (rnam bzhad snying po rgyan) reflects his later view. snying po rgyan) reflects his later view.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/824  + (Comment: In the Mind-Only system, this is given as a reason why other-powered natures exist ultimately.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/829  + (Comment: In the Mind-Only system, this is given as the reason why the thoroughly established nature is called the "ultimate-non-nature" (don dam pa ngo bo nyid med pa, paramArthaniHsvabhAvatA).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1014  + (Comment: In the Tibetan medical system, on … Comment: In the Tibetan medical system, one of the three primary elements promoting health, when balanced, and disease, when imbalanced--the other two being wind (rlung) and phlegm (bad kan). The three are called the three problematics (nyes pa, doza), often mistranslated as "humours," which are necessarily fluids whereas wind is not a fluid.sarily fluids whereas wind is not a fluid.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1009  + (Comment: Jam-y#ang-shay-b#a holds that "na … Comment: Jam-y#ang-shay-b#a holds that "name" (ming) in this the Mind-Only context means a term expressing that object (rang zhes rjod pa'i sgra), and although "terminology" (brda') usually has the same meaning as "name," in order to avoid redundancy he takes it to mean a conceptual consciousness apprehending that object (rang 'dzin rtog pa). (This explanation of "terminology" is well-founded in the tradition since a common dictum is that names and conceptual consciousnesses engage their objects similarly.) (PH) verify change in notects similarly.) (PH) verify change in note)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/444  + (Comment: Negative phenomenon (dgag pa) is equivalent to gzhan sel (exlusion of the other, other-exclusion [anyApoha]). Examples are rtag pa ma yin pa (non-permanent); bum pa ma yin pa las log pa (opposite from non-pot).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/953  + (Comment: One of the two types of other-eliminators (gzhan sel); the other is other-eliminator that is a non-affirming negative (med dgag gi gzhan sel).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/443  + (Comment: See dgag pa.)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/449  + (Comment: The first of the three also is taken as 'khrul pa dgag pa (refuting mistake/error).)
• Steinert App Dictionaries/06-Hopkins-Comment/1417  + (Comment: The second chapter of AsaGga's Su … Comment: The second chapter of AsaGga's Summary of the Great Vehicle, entitled "The Character of Objects of Knowledge," lists fifteen "cognitions," which are categories of phenomena. They are: 1. Cognitions of the body: the five sense powers, 2. Cognitions of the embodied: the afflicted mentality, 3. Cognitions of the enjoyer: the mind constituent, that is, the mental consciousness, 4. Cognitions of what is used by those: the six objects, 5. Cognitions of what uses those: the six consciousnesses, 6. Cognitions of time: the continuity of cyclic existence, 7. Cognitions of enumeration: numbering, 8. Cognitions of location: the world of the environment, 9. Cognitions of conventions: the four conventions — the seen (drSTa), the heard (zruta), the known (vijJAta), and the understood (mata), 10. & 11. Cognitions of the specifics of self and others: perceptions of self and other, 12. Cognitions of good transmigrations: humans and gods, 13. Cognitions of bad transmigrations: animals, hungry ghosts, and hell-beings, 14. Cognitions of death, 15. Cognitions of birth. The first nine arise from latent predispositions of verbalization (mngon brjod kyi bag chags) also called predispositions of verbal repetition (zlos pa'i bag chags). The tenth and the eleventh arise from latent predispositions of the view of self, also called predispositions of the view of the transitory collection ('jig tshogs la lta ba'i bag chags). The twelfth through the fifteenth arise from latent predispositions of the causal branches of existence, also called predispositions of maturation (rnam smin gyi bag chags).tions of maturation (rnam smin gyi bag chags).)