chos

chos

A term that predates Buddhism, Dharma/dharmas has a wide range of meanings and usages in Buddhist texts depending on context:
As Dharma , it is the teaching of Buddha Śākyamuni and other buddhas, preached by their followers, and transmitted in the form of scripture; or, alternatively, it means ultimate reality itself, the referent of the teaching and what is realized through it.
As dharmas , it is variously the different teachings given by Buddha Śākyamuni, other buddhas, and their followers; the trainings enjoined in those teachings; the positive qualities acquired through applying those trainings; mental phenomena in general; or phenomena in general or their characteristics. Often in Buddhist literature there is a play on the multiple interlinked senses of this term.
dharmas

Among many of its meanings, this term can refer to: the teachings of the Buddha; positive actions that accord with those teachings; or a minimal element of existence, which bears certain features through which it may be cognized.

Name of a tathāgata.

See "dharma."
phenomenon

See "dharma."
things

The second of the Three Jewels, that is, the teaching of the Buddha.

The term dharma ({chos}) conveys ten different meanings, according to Vasubandhu's Vyākhyāyukti. In the context‌ of the present work, it may mean "sacred doctrine" (also rendered "Dharma" in this translation), the "attributes" which buddhas and bodhisattvas acquire, "phenomena" or "things" in general, and, more specifically, "mental phenomena" which are the object of the mental faculty (manas, {yid}).

The term dharma ({chos}) conveys ten different meanings, according to Vasubandhu's. See also "Dharma."

This term has multiple interrelated meanings. In this text, the primary meanings are as follows: (1) the doctrine taught by the Buddha (Dharma); (2) the ultimate reality underlying and expressed through the Buddha's teaching (Dharma); (3) the trainings that the Buddha's teaching stipulates (dharmas); (4) the various awakened qualities or attainments acquired through practicing and realizing the Buddha's teaching (dharmas); (5) qualities or aspects more generally, i.e., phenomena or phenomenal attributes (dharmas); and (6) mental objects (dharmas).
things

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