* Buddhahood is attained by uniting means and knowledge; in Mahayana, compassion and emptiness, relative and ultimate bodhichitta. In Vajrayana, means and knowledge are the stages of development and completion. According to the Kagyu schools, means refers specifically to the '[[path of means]],' the [[Six Doctrines of Naropa]] and knowledge to the '[[path of liberation]],' the actual practice of [[Mahamudra]]. According to [[Dzogchen]], '[[knowledge]]' is the [[view of primordial purity]], the [[Trekchö]] practice of realizing the heart of enlightenment in the present moment, while '[[means]]' is the [[training in spontaneous presence]], the [[Tögal]] practice of exhausting defilements and fixation through which the rainbow body is realized within one lifetime. [RY]
