7. Compound Consonants

.1

They are expressed in writing by putting one below the other, in which case several change their original figure.


Subjoined consonants.

.2

The letter ya subjoined to another is represented by the figure character omitted, and occurs in connection with the three guttarals and labials, and with ma, thus kya, khya, gya, pya, phya, bya + mya. The former three have preserved, in most cases, their original pronunciation kya, khya, gya (the latter in ET: ghya s. 2.6). In the Mongol pronunciation of Tibetan words, however, they have been corrupted into c, ch, j respectively, a well known instance of which is the common pronunciation Kanjur i.o. kangyur, or eleg. ka-gyur (bka' 'gyur). pya, phya, bya are almost everywhere spoken without any difference from ca, cha, ja (except in Western dialect before e and i, where the y is dropped and pa, pha, ba along are pronounced.). mya is spoken ny = nya.

.3

r occurs at the foot of the gutterals, dentals, labials, of na, ma, sa, and ha, in the shape of character omitted. In some parts of the country, as in Purig, these combinations are prnounced literally, like kra, khra etc., but by far the most general custom is to sound them like the Indian cerebals, viz. kra, dra, pra indescrimintely = character omitted character omitted; khra, thra, phra = character omitted character omitted; gra, dra, bra = character omitted character omitted (in CT: character omitted); only in the case of bra the literal pronounciation br is not uncommon. In nra and mra both letters are distinctly heard; hra sounds like shr in shrub, and so does sra generally. In U this r is dropped nearly in all cases: thus, phra pha, sra sa etc.

.4

Six letters are often found with a ma beneath:

kla, gla, bla, zla, rla, sla; in these the ma alone is pronounced, except in zla, which sounds da.

.5

The figure character omitted, sometimes used at the foot of a letter, is used in Sanscrit words to express the subjoined character omitted, as in swa'a h'a (cf. 9.6) for character omitted; and is now pronounced by Tibetans = o: soha; in words originally Tibetan it now exists merely as an orthographical mark, to distinguish homonymes in writing, as tsha ,hot' and tshwa ,salt'; but, as it is spoken, in some words at least, in Balti (e.g. rtswa ,grass', it must be supposed that, in the primitive form of the language, it was generally heard. -Note.