lakṣaṇa (12899)

lakṣaṇa
Entry 12899, Page 458, Col. 1

(lakzaRa, lakzaRa)
lakṣaṇa¦, nt., mark (Skt.); (1) in Laṅk 37.10 ff.; 38.5 ff., external mark, manifested aspect, of the vijñāna (cf. Suzuki, Studies, 183); contrasted with prabandha, q.v.; fuller expression seems to be svajāti-lakṣaṇa, see Laṅk 38.16 ff., esp. 18 f., svajātilakṣaṇe punar nirudhya- māne (mss.) ālayavijñānanirodhaḥ syāt, suggesting that with its suppression, the ālaya-vijñāna itself is suppressed; for the aṣṭalakṣaṇa vijñāna see vij° 2; (2) in Divy 513.15, 24, sauvarṇena lakṣaṇena laḍḍīś (sc. of a state horse) chorayati, removes the dung with a golden… (? some sort of implement; acc. to Index, spoon?), perh. shovel or the like; (3) = svabhāva (2), q.v., characteristic, of existing things, there being three such, viz. parikalpita, paratan- tra, pariniṣpanna, qq.v.: Mvy 1662 (to 1665 incl.); Sūtrāl. xi.38--41 (Lévi, indice); svabhāva-lakṣaṇa-traya- kuśalena bhavitavyam Laṅk 67.2; (4) characteristic mark of a superior person (a cakravartin or a Buddha), of which there are standardly 32 (anomalously 28 in Gv 353.7, aṣṭaviṃśatibhir mahāpuruṣalakṣaṇair upeto; no list). There are various lists; in Pali (lakkhaṇa), DN ii.17.10 ff. and iii.143.5 ff. (here followed by lengthy treat- ments of each item); MN ii.136.6 ff.; in BHS, LV 105.11 ff. [Page458-1b+ 37] (here referred to as LVa) and 429.3 ff. (LVb); Mvy 235 ff.; Dharmas (here abbreviated Dh) 83; Gv 399.20 ff., with valuable brief explanations of each term; Bbh 375.9 ff., with a few brief glosses, but followed on 378.3 ff., 381.8 ff., by more extensive treatments of the various items, with a few minor variants which are mostly not recorded here; finally, Mv i.226.16 ff. = ii.29.19 ff. has, in 7 lines of verse, extremely brief one-word designations for the 32 items, in part so corrupt in the text that I have failed to identify a few items (here, Mv without reference refers to this list); again, Mv ii.304.14 ff. has a very loose, inaccurate, and incomplete list, mingled with some anuvyañjana and other extraneous materials; this is cited below by page and line when it is important. Finally, a few stray lakṣaṇa are unsystematically mentioned in RP 46.13-- 47.12, and again 50.11-51.5; they will be referred to by page and line under the appropriate items. In modern literature, correlations of various Pali and BHS lists (but without the Gv, Bbh, and Mv lists) have been recorded by Burnouf, Lotus, 558 ff.; Müller, note on Dharmas 83 (but note that in a number of cases Müller here cites Dharmas itself inconsistently with his own text). In Mvy and LVa (as also in the stray fragmentary lists of RP) the order of all other texts is reversed, so as to begin with the head instead of the feet; in citing numbers I have reversed the numbering of these two lists, to facilitate comparison with the other lists; therefore when I cite ‘Mvy 32, LVa 32’, I refer to Mvy and LVa 1; ‘Mvy 31, LVa 31’ means Mvy 2, LVa 2, etc. I believe the following list is substantially correct and original, tho the precise language is not always certain; all important variants are cited. The order of the items in BHS varies greatly, no two lists being alike; but the relative order in the Pali lists is, I believe, always or nearly always supported by some BHS evidence, and I see no serious reason to doubt that it represents the original; it is therefore adopted here. 1. supratiṣṭhitapāda (Pali suppatiṭṭhitapāda), Mvy 3; [Page459-a+ 71] LVb, Gv, Bbh 1; LVa 1 inserts sama before pāda; Mv prob. means this by 1 samā; Mv ii.304.14 samā…caraṇā supratiṣṭhitā; Dh 2 -pāṇipādatala(tā) for -pāda. --2. adhastāt pādatalayoś cakre jāte…(epithets), so Bbh 2, similarly LVa, Gv 2; Pali heṭṭhāpādatalesu cakkāni jātāni…(epithets); Mv 2 heṣṭā, also heṣṭā…Mv ii.304.16; LVb 2 compresses the epithets into a long cpd. ending cakrāṅkitapādatala; Mvy 4 cakrāṅkita-hasta-pāda, and so Dh 1 adding -tala and with pāṇi for hasta, which, tho supported by Tib. phyag, is only a false interpretation of adhastāt or semi-MIndic heṣṭā.--3. āyatapādapārṣṇi (Pali āyatapaṇhi), so Mvy 2, Bbh 4, Gv 5 (LVa 6 āyata- pārṣṇipāda); or āyatapārṣṇi, LVb 3, Dh 7, with Pali; Mv 4 āyatā.--4. dīrghāṅguli (Pali dīgha°), LVb 4, LVa 7, Mvy 5, Dh 6, Gv (2d ed.) 6 dīrghā asyāṅgulayo, Bbh 3; Mv 3 dīrghā; Mv ii.305.1.--5. mṛdutaruṇahastapāda (Pali mudutaluṇahatthapāda); LVa 4, LVb 6; Bbh 5 (mss. om. hasta, Tib. phyag, for which ed. pāṇi); Dh 4 and Mvy 7 add -tala; Gv 7 mṛdūni…hastapādatalāni; Mv 11 mṛdu; cf. RP 47.10.--6. jāla-(jālāvanaddha-?)- hastapāda; Pali jālahatthapāda, to which Bbh 6 jāla- pāṇipāda is closest; LVa 3, LVb 7 jālāṅgulihastapāda; Mvy 6 jālāvanaddha-hastapāda, cf. Mv ii.304.14 (com- bined with No. 1 above) jālāvanaddhā (caraṇā); Dh 3 corrupt, jālābalabaddhāṅgulipāṇipādatala(tā); Gv 4 hasta- pādatale jālinī (2d ed.); Mv 12 jālā.--7. ucchaṅkha-(?)- pāda (Pali ussaṅkha°), so Gv 3, and so read (ucchaṅkha) Mv 5 and Mv ii.304.19, also with Mironov Mvy 8; Mvy Kyoto ed. utsaṅga°, so LVa 5, Dh 9, and Bbh 7 (-caraṇa for pāda); LVb 8 ucchaṅga°.--8. aiṇeyajaṅgha (Pali eṇi-j°), so Gv 8, Mvy 1, Dh 11; eṇeya° LVb 10, Bbh 8 (and RP 51.3); eṇeyamṛgarājajaṅgha LVa 8; Mv 6 eṇi; Mv ii.305.3 eṇī-j°; RP 47.12 eṇajaṅgha.--9. sthitāna- vanata-pralambabāhu Mvy 15, and sthito'vanata° (as Mvy) LVa 15; cf. Pali ṭhitako va anonamanto ubhohi pāṇitalehi jaṇṇukāni parimasati…; Bbh 9 anavana- takāya; LVb 12, Dh 12, Gv 15 pralambabāhu; cf. Gv 13 anūnagātraḥ, (read) anunnatagātro'pariṇatagātraḥ; Mv(?); Mv ii.305.8 anonatena kāyena pāṇīhi jānukāṃ spṛśe; cf. RP 47.9 dīrgha-parigha-bāhū.--10. kośopagata-vastigu- hya (Pali kosohitavatthaguyha; it seems that vattha is a mistake for vatthi, cf. Pali vatthi-kosa), so Mvy 10, LVa 10, LVb 11; or kośagata-vas° Bbh 10, Gv 10, Dh 13; Mv 9 kośa; Mv ii.305.10 kośavastiguhya; RP 47.11 guhyakośo. --11. suvarṇavarṇa (Pali suvaṇṇavaṇṇa, with appended kañcanasannibhataca, cf. Bbh), so Dh 14; LVb 15 suvar- ṇachavi; Gv 29 suvarṇavarṇachavi; Bbh 15 kāñcanasaṃni- bhatvac (cf. Pali); Mv 22 suvarṇa; Mv ii.305.7 kāñcana- chaviśobhanā; in LVa 16 and Mvy 16 combined with next, sūkṣmasuvarṇachavi (Lefm. adds varṇa, by em., after suvarṇa); kanakavarṇa RP 47.10; 51.5.--12. sūkṣma- chavi (Pali sukhumachavi), so LVb 14 (mṛdutaruṇa-sū°), Gv 28; Dh 15 śuklachavi(-tā); for LVa and Mvy see prec.; Bbh 16 ślakṣṇatvāt (but 379.18 sūkṣma-ślakṣṇa-tvacatā, and 381.11 sūkṣmatvaktā) tvaco rajo…nāvatiṣṭhate, and ślakṣṇa, instead of sūkṣma, is read also in Mv 16; Mv ii.305.14 and RP 51.5 ślakṣṇachavī.--13. ekaikaroma (or °man; Pali ekekaloma), so LVa 12; Gv 30; Mv ii.305.15; Mv 14 ekā; LVb 16 ekaikanicitaromakūpa; Bbh 14 °romā, adding…pradakṣiṇāvartaṃ; Mvy 12 °roma-pradakṣiṇā- vartaḥ; Dh 16 pradakṣiṇāvartaikaroma(-tā); cf. RP 47.11; see next.--14. ūrdhvāgraroma, °man (Pali uddhagga- loma), so Dh 10; Mvy 11 ūrdhvaga-roma; Bbh 13 ūr- dhvaṃga°; Gv 31 ūrdhvāṅga°; Mv 15, mss. intend ūr- dhvāgra or ūrdhaṃga; LVa 11 ūrdhvāgrābhipradakṣiṇā- vartaromā(ḥ); LVb 9 ūrdhavāṅgadakṣiṇāvartaromakūpa; see prec.--15. bṛhad-ṛju-gātra (Pali brahmujjugatta), so Gv 16, Bbh 21; Mv 7 bṛhat; Mv ii.305.18 prahavarjugātra (corruption for brahmarj°?); Dh 8 ṛjugātra(-tā); LVb 5 bahujanatrātā, obvious corruption; not in LVa, Mvy (replaced, perhaps, by suvartitoru, Lefm. suvivart°, 9 in [Page459-b+ 71] both?).--16. saptotsada (Pali sattussada), LVa 18; LVb 17; Mvy 18; Gv 9; Dh 5; Bbh 17 °da-kāya; Mv 20 utsadā; RP 47.9.--17. siṃhapūrvārdhakāya (Pali sīha- pubbaddhakāya), LVa 14; LVb 18; Mvy 14; Bbh 18; Gv 11; Dh 18 (°ānta° for °ārdha°); Mv ii.305.6; prob. concealed in Mv 18 or 19, corrupt.--18. citāntarāṃsa (or °śa, Dh; Pali citantaraṃsa), LVa, Mvy 17; LVb 19; Bbh, Dh 20; Gv 12; prob. citā to be read in Mv 17.-- 19. nyagrodhaparimaṇḍala (Pali nigrodha°), LVa, LVb, Mvy 13; Dh 22; Bbh 11; Gv 33; Mv 10 nyagrodha.-- 20. susaṃvṛttaskandha (Pali sama-vatta-kkhandha), LVa, Mvy, Bbh, Dh 19; LVb 20; Gv 14 (omits su); Mv 24 samā (cf. Pali); Mv ii.305.17 (omits su); RP 47.9 śānta- saṃvṛtta-skandhaḥ; the erroneous spelling °saṃvṛta° in Dh, Mvy text (but Index and Mironov saṃvṛtta), and Gv (but followed in gloss by vṛttāv asya skandhāv…pīnau, etc.).--21. rasarasāgra(-vant? Pali rasaggasaggi); °gra- (-tā) Mvy 23; Dh 21; °gra-vant LVa 22; LVb 25; °gra- prāptaḥ Bbh 27; rasaṃ Mv 21; °griṇaḥ Mv ii.306.4; in Gv 17 represented by kambugrīva(-tā) (400.25), on which see BR s.v. kambu; it is paraphrased by adīnakaṇṭhaḥ, with not inferior neck, but for the real meaning see following passage cited s.v. rasaharaṇī, proving connexion with (rasa-) rasāgra, q.v.; cf. also RP 47.9 kambu-rucira- grīvā (among lakṣaṇa).--22. siṃhahanu (Pali sīha°), LVa 20; LVb 21; Mvy 11; Gv 18; Dh, Bbh 25; Mv 23 sīho (or siṃho); Mv ii.306.4; RP 46.15.--23. catvāriṃ- śaddanta (Pali cattālīsadanta), Mvy 27; cf. Mv ii.306.5; catvāriṃśatsamadanta LVb, Bbh 22, Gv 19 (1st ed.); samacatvāriṃśaddanta LVa 26; Gv 19 (2d ed.); not identified in Mv; cf. RP 46.17; 50.17.--24. samadanta (Pali id.), Mvy 26; Dh 27; Gv 21; Mv 26 samā; for Bbh, LVa, LVb, see under prec.; they seem to combine the two (but note that Gv has this item separately, while including sama with the prec.); RP 46.17.--25. aviraladanta (Pali avivara°, but v.l. aviraḷa°), LVa, Mvy 25; LVb 24; Bbh 23; Dh 29; Gv 20 aviralāviṣamadanta(-tā); cf. RP 50.17.-- 26. suśukla-daṃṣṭra, or °danta (Pali susukkadāṭha): °daṃṣṭra Gv 401.13 (in gloss on No. 24 above); śukra- daṃṣṭrā (v.l. suśukladanta) Mv ii.306.6; °danta LVb 23; Mvy, Bbh 24; śukla-danta LVa 24; śukla-hanu(-tā) Dh 26; śuklā Mv 25; cf. RP 46.17.--27. prabhūtajihva (Pali pahūtajivha), LVa 21; LVb 29; Dh 24; Gv 22 (su-pra°); prabhūtatanujihva Mvy 21; Bbh 26; Mv ii.306.7; pra- bhūtā Mv 27; jihvā prabhūtā RP 46.18; 50.15.--28. brah- masvara (Pali brahmassara), LVa, Gv 23; LVb 26; Mvy 20; Bbh 28 (with gloss kalaviṅkamanojñabhāṇī; some Pali texts gloss karavīkabhāṇī); Mv 28 brahmā; Mv ii.306.11; not in text of Dh, but one ms. is cited in Müller's note as reading corruptly prastasvara(-tā), which should doubtless be emended and adopted, deleting Dh 28 haṃ- savikrāntagāmi(tā), which is properly an anuvyañjana; cf. RP 47.1 brahmaghoṣā.--29. abhinīlanetra (Pali °netta), LVa, LVb 27, Bbh 29, Dh 31; Mv 29 nīla; Mv ii.306.15; Gv 24 (2d ed.); Mvy 28 abhinīlanetra-gopakṣmā, combining this with next. Cf. RP 46.15; 50.13.--30. go- pakṣma, or °man (Pali gopakkhuma), Bbh 30 °mā (n. sg.), Gv 25 °maḥ; °ma-netra LVa 28, and intended by corrupt readings LVb 28; Dh 32; Mv 30 °ma (mss.); for Mvy see prec.--31. ūrṇā bhruvāntare jātāvadātā mṛdutūlasaṃ- nibhā (? exact language uncertain, but Pali uṇṇā bhamu- kantare jātā odātā mudutūlasannibhā); Pali seems sup- ported by Mv ii.306.17--18, where read bhruvāntare(ṇa) …ūrṇā hi prakāśāvadātā (mss. cited as °śā ca vātā) mṛduka-(so v.l.)-tūlasādṛśā; LVa 29 ūrṇā…bhruvor madhye jātā himarajataprakāśā; Dh 17 ūrṇālaṃkṛtamu- khatā; Gv 26 bhruvāntare…ūrṇā jātābhūn mṛdvī… śuddhā prabhāsvarā himaguḍikā-tuṣāravarṇā…; Bbh 32 ūrṇā…bhruvor madhye jātā śvetā śaṅkhasaṃnibhā pra- dakṣiṇāvartā (cf. LV, Mvy); LVa 31 (cf. LVb below, LVa 29 above, Bbh, and Mvy)…pradakṣināvartakeśaḥ; [Page460-a+ 71] Mvy 29 ūrṇākośaḥ (so read), and 31 pradakṣiṇāvartakeśaḥ; LVb 31 bhrūmadhye-sujātapradakṣiṇāvartottaptaviśud- dhavarṇābhāsorṇa(ḥ, n. sg., Bhvr.); Mv 31 ūrṇā. Cf. RP 46.14; 50.12.--32. uṣṇīṣaśīrṣa (see s.v. uṣṇīṣa; Pali uṇhīsasīsa), LVa 32; Mv 32; Mv ii.307.4; Bbh 31 (°ṣāḥ); °śiraska(-tā) Mvy 32; Dh 23; mūrdhni…uṣṇīṣam Gv 27; uṣṇīṣaśīrṣānavalokitamūrdha LVb 30; uṣṇi RP 46.13; 50.11.--A few secondary insertions in individual lists are here ignored. References to the 32 lakṣaṇa, usually as seen on a Buddha, are frequent, e.g. SP 47.10; and see s.v. lakṣa for two cases where Senart assumes, wrongly I think, that Mv substitutes that word for lakṣaṇa.

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