Property:verbinator
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
This is a property of type Text.
S
<p>'''Present''': [['ab]] DS. <br> '''Past''': [['ab]] [DS]. <br> '''Future''': [['ab]] [DS]. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. <br> '''Meaning''': To bark (of dogs) DS.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['ba']] CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['ba']] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['ba']] [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To bleat. 2. (in Sikkim) To bring, to carry. 3. (central) To commit adultery (Ja) CD. To make the sound of a sheep or goat DS. (for a sheep) To speak TC. <br> Note:onomatopoeic NWH.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bab]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[babs]] LZ, CD, DS. [[bab]] CD, DK, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bab]] LZ. [['bab]] DK, (dialect) DS, TC. [[dbab]] DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bab]] LZ. [[babs]] DK. [[bobs]] CD, DS. [['bob]] CD. [['bobs]] CD. - TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, DS. ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [['bebs]] CD. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[dus sogs la]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To move downward, to descend, to come down from, to alight, to fall down CD. To rain, to climb down DK. 1. To go, fall from a higher place to a lower. 2. To rain. 3. To become smaller, fewer. 4. To understand, rise in the mind. 5. To be agreeable, pleasant. 6. To be established, arise. 7. To take responsibility for establishing an action. 8. To obtain, arrive in hand DS. 1. To fall from high to low. 2. To arrive TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['bab]] TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bab]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [['bab]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bob]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': To get off, dismount TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bad]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['bad]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['bad]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['bod]] LZ, CD, DS, TC. [['bad]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, DS, TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[rbod]] (Chang 1971: vii.5) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[nyams len sogs la]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To endeavor, to try, to exert one's self, make effort. 2. To cultivate, rear, take care of CD. To try, to endeavor DK. To strive for a goal with great effort of speech and body DS. To strive, exert effort TC. <br> Note:Compare [['bung]]. CD.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bags]] LZ, NDB. [['bag]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[dbags]] LZ. [['bags]] CD, DK, DS, TC.[[sbags]] NDB. <br> '''Future''': [[dbag]] LZ, CD. [[dbags]] NDB. [['bag]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[dbogs]] LZ. [['bags]] DK. - NDB, DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': NDB, DS, TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sbag]] (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[dri skyon sogs kyis]] LZ. [[skyon]] NDB. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To defile, pollute one's self, to soil, make filthy. 2. (Central) To take away, to steal, rob CD. To be polluted, to be defiled, to become impure, to be defective DK. To mix with something else, to make unclear DS. 1. To be polluted, defiled. 2. To use up TC. <br> Note: Compare [['phog]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bal]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['bald]] LZ, DK. [[bal]] DS. [['bal]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [['bal]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. [[dbal]] CD. <br> '''Imperative''': [['bold]] LZ. [['bald]] DK. [[bol]] DS. [['bol]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> Denominative of: [['bal]] 'wool' NWH. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[skra spu sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To throw about, to pluck out the hair (used only with [[skra]] ). 2. To part, arrange the hair CD. To pluck out hair, to mingle, to loose DK. To pull from the root DS. To pluck, card TC.</p> +
<p>see [['bal]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bang]] DK, TC. [[bang]] DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bangs]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['bang]] DK, TC.[[bang]] DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['bongs]] DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sbong]] (Chang 1971: vii.3), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 261), (Duff). <br> '''Meaning''': To get wet, to become wet, to be saturated, soak DK. For a thing to be soaked in a liquid and the inside of that thing to saturated with water DS. To become naturally wet TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['bang]] CD <br> '''Past''': [['bangs]] CD. <br> '''Meaning''': To love, regard CD.</p> +
<p>see [['bang]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bar]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['bard]] LZ, DK. [['bar]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['bar]] LZ, DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['bard]] LZ, DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 281), (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 281). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sbor]] CD, (Chang 1971: vii.4); (Beyer 1992: 116); (Gyurme 1992: 261) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[drod sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To catch fire, to become ignited, to blaze. 2. (in reference to the passions) To glare, burn with wrath. 3. To burst forth into bloom, to blossom, to blare forth into fame, to become notorious CD. To blaze up, to catch fire, to increase DK. 1. For tongues of fire to raise from a burning thing. 2. For light to spread. 3. To spread, grow DS. 1. For tongues of fire to raise from a burning thing. 2. To spread. 3. To scold TC.</p> +
<p>see [['bar]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bebs]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, (DS), TC. [['phob]] CD (Sch.). [['phebs]] DK. [['beb]] DS. <br> '''Past''': [[phab]] KYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.[[phebs]] KYN.[[phabs]] (ND). <br> '''Future''': [[dbab]] KYT, KYN , TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[phob]] KYT, TD, LZ, CD, DK, TC. [[phobs]] KYN, ND, DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Causative of''': [['bab]] CD. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[byin dang sma sogs]] TD. [[lha dang char sogs]] LZ. [[char dang brtan la byin sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To cause to descend, cause to fall down. 2. To cast down, throw down. 3. To assign, settle, fix, lay down, establish CD. To bring down, cause to come down DK. 1. 2. To determine, ascertain. 3. To make lower, make fewer. 4. To calm down. 5. To make descend from a high place to a low place. 6. To make stay, remain. 7. (prefixed by the phrase [[cham la]] ) To humble, enervate DS. 1. To make come down. 2. To determine, ascertain TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['big]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[big]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [['big]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bigs]] DK. <br> '''Meaning''': To be pierced, to be penetrated DK. <br> Note: Compare [['bigs]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bigs]] KYT, TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. [['bug]] (ND), (DS), (TC).[['bugs]] (DS).[['big]] (DS). <br> '''Past''': [[phug]] KYT, TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. [[phugs]] (ND). [[phigs]] (DS). <br> '''Future''': [[dbug]] KYT, TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[phugs]] KYT, DS. [[phug]] TD, LZ, ND, (DS), TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> Denominative of: [[bu ga]] 'hole' NWH. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[mtshon sogs kyi]] TD. [[mtshon sogs kyis]] LZ. [[khung]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To pierce a hole in something DS. To pierce TC. <br> Note:Compare [['big]] , [['bigs]] 2,[['bug]] , and [['bugs]].</p><p>'''Present''': [['bigs]] CD, DK. <br> '''Past''': [[phigs]] CD. [['phig]] CD. [['phigs]] CD. [[phig]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [[dbig]] CD, DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[phigs]] CD, DK. [[phig]] CD. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To pierce, pierce into, bore. 2. (in Central, vulgar) To lie with a woman CD. To pierce into, to hollow out DK. <br> Note: Compare [['bigs]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bo]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[dbos]] LZ. [[pho]] CD, DK, DS. [[phos]] ND, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dbo]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['bo]] LZ. [[phos]] ND, TC. [[bo]] DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': ND, DS, TC <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[chu sogs]] ND, LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To pour out, pour forth, spill out. 2. To swell up, to rise. 3. To sprout, shoot forth (of wild growing plants) CD. To pour out, to spill out DK. To throw liquid from a vessel DS. To throw out TC. <br> Note:(Beyer 1992: 83) suggests that [['byo]] derives from this verb via palatalization.</p><p>'''Present''': [[bo]] CD. [['bo]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[bo]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [['bo]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bo]] DK. <br> ''Involuntary'':(Hoshi 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To expand as a bubble. 2. To overflow, fall out of a vessel on account of over-filling CD. To spill out, to fall out liquid, to overflow [sic] DK. (for a cup &c.) To spill (Hoshi 2003).</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bod]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bos]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bod]] LZ, ND, DK. [['bod]] DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bos]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[bod]] (LZ). <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[ming nas]] LZ, ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To call, to cry out, to invite CD. To call, to call out, to call by name, invite DK. To signal to summon hither DS. To summon another vocally, invite a guest TC.</p><p>see [['bad]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bog]] TC. <br> '''Past''': [['bogs]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [['bog]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['bogs]] TC <br> ''Voluntary'': TC. <br> ''Transitive'': TC. <br> '''Meaning''': To cross, exceed TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['bogs]] CD.[['bog]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bog]] CD, DK, TC. [['bog]] [DS] <br> '''Future''': [[dbog]] CD.[['bog]] DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bog]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To faint. 2. To grow loose, to come off, to drop of (leaves from a tree) (Ja) CD. To faint, to become unconscious, to become insane DK. To faint, be intoxicated DS. 1. To faint, fall unconscious. 2. To fall TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bogs]] TD, CD, DK, DS, TC. [[dbog]] LZ. [['bog]] CD, ND, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[phog]] TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dbog]] TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[phog]] TD, LZ, CD, ND, TC. [[dbogs]] DK. [[phogs]] DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': TD, CD, ND, DS, TC <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [['phog]] (Duff). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[gdams ngag sogs]] TD. [[sdom pa dang gdams ngag sogs]] LZ. [[sdom pa sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To bestow, impart. 2. (in West) To be extracted, uprooted, pulled out, to be dislocated, unhinged. 3. To unload CD. 1. To put something at a place, put something on a place. 2. To give responsibility, give, bestow DK. 1. To take down an ornament, burden. 2. To lead another with good qualities or advice DS. 1. To give. 2. (archaic) To strive, exert TC.</p><p>see [['bog]]</p> +
<p>see [['bal]]</p> +
<p>[['bon]] DK. gives as the present of [[bon]]</p> +
<p>see [['bang]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bor]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bor]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bor]] DK, DS. [['bor]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bor]] CD, TC. [['bord]] DK. - DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, TC. ''Involuntary'': DS. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. ''Transitive'': TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To throw, cast, fling. 2. To leave, forsake CD. To throw away, to give up, to cast aside DK. 1. To lose something. 2. To throw away, be rid of. 3. To say, do DS. To abandon, throw out TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bra]] DS. <br> '''Past''': [[bres]] DS. <br> '''Future''': [['bra]] DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bres]] DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS. <br> ''Transitive'': DS. <br> '''Meaning''': To thread rope on the saddle of cattle DS.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [[brab]] LZ. [['brab]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[brabs]] LZ, DK, DS, TC.[[brab]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [[dbrab]] [CD], (DS). [[brab]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[brob]] LZ.[[brab]] DK. [[phrobs]] DS. [[brobs]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[rdzas sogs kyis]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To catch at suddenly, to snatch away. 2. To beat, to scourge. 3. To throw out, scatter (Ja) ('brab) CD. To flog with whip and nettle (dbrab) CD. To hit, to beat DK. To flog, strike with something flexible and thin (like a whip &c.) DS. To beat, strike, hit TC.</p> +
<p>'brad CD, DK, DS, TC. give as the present of [['drad]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bral]] LZ, CD, DS, TC. [['brald]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[brald]] LZ. [[bral]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bral]] LZ, DS. [['bral]] DK, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[brald]] LZ, DK. [[bral]] DS. - TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS. ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [['phral]] CD (Ja), (Chang 1971: vii.2), (Gyurme 1992: 261), (Duff). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[so sor]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To be separated from, disconnected CD. To part, to be separate DK. 1. To divide, separate. 2. To lack, not exist DS. To separate, scatter individually. 2. To purify, be rid of TC.</p><p>[['bral]] KYN, LZ, DS. give as the present of [['phral]]</p> +
<p>[['bran]] DS. gives as the present of [[bran]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['brang]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. [['breng]] ND. [['brong]] (DS). <br> '''Past''': [['brangs]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['brang]] LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['brongs]] LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. [['brong]] CD. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. ''Transitive'': TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[rjes su]] LZ, ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. (with a pleonastic [[rjes su]] or [[mjug]] often prefixed) To follow, to go after. 2. To bring forth, give birth to CD. To follow, to go after DK. 1. To go after. 2. To discard one's own previous viewpoint and aims to accept the viewpoint and aims of another DS. To go after, follow, pursue TC.</p> +
<p>see [['brang]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bre]] CD, DK. <br> '''Past''': [[bres]] CD, DK. <br> '''Future''': [[bre]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [['bres]] DK. <br> '''Meaning''': To screen off, to spread over, to envelop CD. To spread, to pitch up, to screen off DK.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bred]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[bred]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [['bred]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bred]] DK. <br> '''Meaning''': To be afraid of, to be frightened, to be alarmed DK.</p> +
<p>[['breg]] (LZ), CD, DK, DS, TC. give as the present of [['dreg]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['brel]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['breld]] LZ, DK. [['brel]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['brel]] LZ, DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['breld]] LZ, DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Ass.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sbrel]] (Chang 1971: vii.1), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 261) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[chos srid kyi lugs sogs rten dang brten par]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To adhere together, to combine, to become connected, to meet together CD. To be connected, to be related, to be combined, to be united DK. To be mutually connected, mutually dependent DS, TC.</p> +
<p>see [['brel]]</p> +
<p>[['breng]] ND. gives as the present of [['brang]]</p> +
<p>see [['bre]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dri]] (see note) [CD], (TC).[['bri]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. [[bri]] ND, <br> '''Past''': [[bris]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bri]] LZ, ND, DS, TC. [['bri]] ND. <br> '''Imperative''': [[ris]] (see note).[[bris]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, (DS), TC. [[phris]] DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[yi ge dang ri mo sogs]] LZ. [[yi ge lha sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To write, draw, note down CD. To write, to do painting, to draw, to note down, to register DK. [To write and draw] letter and drawing DS. To arrange, lay out (e.g. letters, drawings) TC. <br> Note:The present [['dri]] and imperative [[ris]] are exclusively found in older documents cf. (Hill, forthcomming) in addition (Beyer 1992: 73) suggests a comparison with ri mo 'drawing.'</p><p>'''Present''': [['bri]] CD, DK, TC. [[bri]] DS. <br> '''Past''': [[bri]] CD, DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['bri]] DK, TC.[[bri]] [DS]. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bri]] DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [['phri]] (Chang 1971: vii.3). <br> '''Meaning''': To diminish, grow less CD. To go down, decline, diminish DK. To become smaller, fewer DS. To fade, wane, deteriorate TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['bri]] LZ. <br> '''Past''': [[phris]] LZ. <br> '''Future''': [[bri]] LZ. <br> '''Imperative''': [[phri]] LZ. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[bsod nams sogs rim gyis]] LZ. <br> Note:perhaps to be referred to [['phri]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['brid]] CD. <br> '''Meaning''': To caress CD.</p><p>[['brid]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, (TC). give as the present of [['drid]].</p><p>[['brid]] ND, DS, TC give as the present of [['phri]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['brims]] LZ. [['drim]] [LZ]. [['brim]] CD, DK, DS, TC. [['grim]] CD (sometimes). [[brim]] ND. <br> '''Past''': [[brims]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['brim]] LZ, ND. [[brim]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[brims]] LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> Denominative of: [[rim]] (?) 'stage, level' NWH. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[rdzas nor sogs]] LZ. [['khru dang zas sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To distribute, deal out, hand round CD. To give food, to give, to bring DK. To divide and distribute DS. To give, provide TC.</p> +
<p>see [['bros]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['brong]] LZ, CD. <br> '''Past''': [['brongs]] LZ. <br> '''Future''': [['brong]] LZ. <br> '''Imperative''': [[brongs]] LZ. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[mdza' grogs sogs dang]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': (archaic) To attend, wait upon, serve CD. <br> Note: Compare (Takeuchi 1995: 315), this verb is likely connected to [['brang]].</p><p>[['brong]] (DS). gives as a present of [['brang]]</p> +
<p>see [['brang]]</p><p>see [['brong]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bros]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bros]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['bros]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [['bro]] LZ, DS. [['bros]] CD, ND, DK, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bros]] LZ, ND, DK, (DS), TC. [[phros]] DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[skrag pas gzhan du]] LZ. [[phar la]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To run away, to escape CD,DK. To go to another place, run away in order to avoid harm DS. To run in a way to avoid meeting [something undesirable] TC.</p> +
<p>[['bru]] CD, DK, DS, TC. give as the present of [['dru]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['brub]] LZ, DS, TC. [[brub]] ND. [['brubs]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[brubs]] LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[brub]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. [['brub]] ND. <br> '''Imperative''': [[brub]] LZ. [[brubs]] ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[khung ba sogs su]] LZ. [[dong nang]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To put in a hole, to detain in a hole, to make impossible of being free [sic] DK. (archaic) To put in prison, put in a hole DS. 1. To hide. 2. (archaic) To guard, take charge of TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['brub]] CD, DK, TC. [[brub]] DS. <br> '''Past''': [[brub]] [DS].[[brubs]] DK, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['brub]] DK, TC.[[brub]] [DS]. <br> '''Imperative''': [[brubs]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Meaning''': (generally with [[chu]] ) To overflow, gush forth CD. To be increased, to become larger DK. For water to suddenly rise DS. To spread, rise, increase TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['brud]] CD, DK. <br> '''Past''': [[brud]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [[brud]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [['brud]] DK. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To rub. 2. To fill up CD. 1. To drag. 2. To rub, scrape DK. <br> Note: Compare [['drud]].</p><p>[['brud]] (LZ), (DS), TC. give as the present of [['dru]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['brul]] LZ, DK, (DS), TC. [[brul]] DS. [[dbrul]] (Gyurme 1992: 261). <br> '''Past''': [[bruld]] LZ.[[brul]] DK, [DS], TC. [['brul]] [(DS)]. <br> '''Future''': [[brul]] LZ, [DS]. [['brul]] DK, [(DS)], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bruld]] LZ, DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Causative of''': [[rul]] (Gyurme 1992: 261). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[lo 'dab sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To fall apart, to come off into pieces, to be shed DK. To break to pieces DS. To fall, drop TC. <br> Note: Compare [['drul]] , [[srul]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bu]] CD, DK, DS. [['bus]] TC. <br> '''Past''': [['bus]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['bu]] DK, DS.[['bus]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['bus]] DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Resultative of''': [['bud]] (Laufer 1915: 62). <br> '''Meaning''': (especially with [[kha]] ) To open, unfold (of flowers) (Ja) CD. To blossom, to open into flowers DK. To sprout from a seed into a seedling DS. To newly open up TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bub]] CD, DK. <br> '''Past''': [[bub]] CD, DK. <br> '''Future''': [['bub]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bubs]] CD, DK. <br> '''Resultative of''': [[spub]] (Chang 1971: vii.5), (Beyer 1992: 116). [[sbub]] NWH. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To be turned over, upside down. 2. To be overthrown, destroyed, spoiled (with regard to meditation) (Mil.) (Ja) CD. To be reversed upside down DK.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bubs]] TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['phub]] CD. <br> '''Past''': [[phub]] TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[phubs]] CD. [[phibs]] ND. <br> '''Future''': [[dbub]] TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. [[dbubs]] ND. <br> '''Imperative''': [[phubs]] TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS. [[phub]] ND, TC. [[phibs]] NDB. <br> ''Voluntary'': TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[gdugs dang gur sogs]] TD. [[gur dang yang thog sogs]] LZ. [[thog dang gur]] (phub) ND. [[thog sogs]] (phibs) ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To put on a roof, something for a roof (Ja) ('bubs) CD. To set up, pitch ('phub) CD. To pitch DK. To put a cover on top of a house. 2. To stretch, fill DS. 1. [To erect, establish, put up]. 2. To cover TC. <br> Note: Compare [['phibs]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bud]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bud]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bud]] LZ. [['bud]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bud]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': CD, DS. ''Transitive'': TC. <br> '''Causative of''': [['phud & bud]] (Duff). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sbud]] (Gyurme 1992: 260). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[gnas dang khyim sogs las]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': (perhaps limited to West) 1. To fall from, drop, fall down. 2. To fall off (of leaves), to fall through. 3. To go away, to leave, escape, to disappear, to be lost CD. To go out, to be exclusive DK. 1. To come out. 2. To reach, arrive at, ascend. 3. To be clear, obvious DS. Take out, draw out, expel TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['bud]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bus]] LZ, DS, TC.[[phus]] CD, DK. <br> '''Future''': [['bud]] LZ, DS, TC. [[dbu]] CD. [[phu]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bus]] LZ, DS, TC. [[phu]] CD. [['phus]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': CD,DS, TC. ''Intransitive'': CD. <br> '''Causative of''': [['bu]] (Laufer 1915: 62) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[dung dang gling bu sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To blow (with the mouth). 2. To be blown (by the wind) CD. To blow with the mouth, blow with a blower, to blow a 1. To make a sound by blowing in the hollow of a conch &c. 2. To set a flame on the hearth DS. 1. To make [a sound with a conch]. 2. To set a fire TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['bud]] CD, DK. <br> '''Past''': [[phud]] CD, DK. <br> '''Future''': [[dbud]] CD, DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[phud]] CD. [['phud]] DK. <br> ''Transitive'':CD. <br> '''Causative of''': [[bud]] (Chang 1971: vii.6) <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To put off, pull off, take off (hat, coat, ring &c.). 2. (with accusative of person and place) To drive out, expel, cast out, chase away. 3. To pull out, tear out, uproot. 4. To take away, subtract from (Ja) CD. To take off, expel, to push out, push aside, to take forth from the rest DK. <br> Note: Compare [['phud]] , and [['bud]]</p>
<p>'''Present''': [['bug]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[bug]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [['bug]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bugs]] DK. <br> '''Resultative of''': [[spug]] (Gyurme 1992: 260). <br> '''Meaning''': To be pierced, penetrated DK. To be turned upside down, reversed (Gyurme 1992: 260). <br> Note: Compare [['bigs]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bugs]] CD, DK. <br> '''Past''': [[phug]] CD, DK. <br> '''Future''': [[dbug]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[phugs]] DK. <br> '''Meaning''': To hollow out, bore, to pierce, sting, bite CD. To pierce into, to hollow out DK. <br> Note: Compare [['bigs]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bul]] KYT, KYN , TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[dbul]] LZ. <br> '''Past''': [[phul]] KYT, KYN , TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dbul]] KYT, KYN , TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[phul]] KYT, TD, CD, DS, TC. [[phuld]] KYN , LZ, ND. [['buld]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, KYN , TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[mchod pa sogs]] TD. [[mGal sogs]] LZ. [[mchod pa]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': (humble) To give, proffer, send CD. To offer, give, send a letter, a present &c. DK.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bun]] CD. [[bun]] CD. <br> '''Meaning''': To itch CD.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bungs]] CD.[['bung]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['bungs]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['bung]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['bungs]] DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sbung (?)]] NWH. <br> '''Meaning''': To concentrate one's force or energies CD. To try, to endeavor DK. To be eager, strive DS. To strive, be diligent TC. <br> Note: Compare [['bad]] CD.</p> +
<p>see [['bung]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bur]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['burd]] DK. [['bur]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['bur]] DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['burd]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To rise, to swell up, become prominent. 2. To spring up, come forth, bud, unfold CD. To rise, swell up, to come out a part, to come up one's head [sic] DK. To rise up higher than the level of an even surface DS. To naturally rise higher TC.</p> +
<p>see [['bur]]</p> +
<p>[['bus]] TC. gives as the present of 'bu</p><p>see [['bu]]</p> +
<p>[['byab]] DK. gives as the present of [[byab]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byam]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['byams]] CD, DK, DS, TC. [[byams]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [['byam]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[byams]] DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Meaning''': To flow over, to spread about CD. To be unlimited, to be limitless, to be with out end, to spread over DK. To spread larger, to pervade DS. 1. To increase, to pervade. 2. To last, continue, elapse TC.</p> +
<p>see [['byam]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byongs]] LZ.[['byang]] CD, ND, DS, TC. [['byong]] CD. [['byangs]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[byangs]] LZ. [[byang]] CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['byang]] LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[byongs]] LZ. [[byang]] ND. [['byongs]] DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sbyong]] (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 261) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[lto nad sogs]] LZ. [[sgrib pa]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To clean CD. To be purified, to be cleaned, be washed, to be used to DK. 1. To purify. 2. To empty the stomach and intestines of digested food DS. 1. To purify, pacify. 2. To be wise, to concentrate. 3. To have diarrhea, defecate TC. <br> Note: Compare [['byong]].</p> +
<p>see [['byong]]</p> +
<p>[['byar]] CD, DK, TC. give as the present of [['byor]]</p><p>see [['byor]]</p> +
<p>see [['byor]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bye]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bye]] CD, DK, DS, TC. [[phye]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [['bye]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bye]] CD. [['byes]] DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [['byed]] CD, (Laufer 1915: 62), (Chang 1971: vii.2), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178). <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To open. 2. To divide, separate, resolve CD. To be opened, to blossom DK. To break an adherence, connection DS. To become differentiated, separated, open TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byed]] KYT, KYN , TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[phye]] KYT, KYN , TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.[[phyes]] CD, ND.[[phyed]] CD, ND. <br> '''Future''': [[dbye]] KYT, KYN , TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[phye]] KYT, KYNZ, TD, CD, DS. [[bye]] KYNCW. [[phyes]] LZ, CD, ND, (DK), TC. [[phyed]] CD, ND. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, KYN , TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [['bye]] CD, (Laufer 1915: 62), (Chang 1971: vii.2), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[sgo sogs]] TD. [[mdzod sgo sogs]] LZ. [[bye brag dbye ba]] (phyed) ND. [[sgo dang zhal]] (phyes) ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To open, to place apart, to unloose. 2. (in West) To separate, to keep asunder, to disentangle CD. To separate, to distinguish, to keep apart, open DK. To open (a door &c.) DS. 1. To separate, split. 2. To undo, release TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byer]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[byerd]] LZ. [[byer]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[byer]] LZ. [['byer]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[byer]] LZ, TC. [[byerd]] DK. - DS. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS. ''Voluntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [['dre gdon sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To escape by flight, to flee in different directions CD. To run away, to disperse, to spread over, to ruin, to decay DK. 1. To flee. 2. To spread, pervade DS. 1. To flee, disperse. 2. To become widespread TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byes]] DS. <br> '''Past''': [['byes]] [DS]. <br> '''Future''': [['byes]] [DS]. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. <br> '''Meaning''': (archaic) To clarify a boundary DS.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byi]] CD, DK, DS. [[byi]] TC. <br> '''Past''': [[byi]] CD, DK, DS. [[phyis]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [['byi]] DK, DS. [[byi]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[byi]] DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Resultative of''': [[phyi]] CD. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To be wiped out, effaced. 2. To fall off (of the hair) (Ja) CD. To disappear one's hair by falling off [sic], to disappear or vanish, to be effaced, be wiped off DK. For hair to fall off of a creature's body DS. To come out (for head hair, body hair &c) TC.</p> +
<p>[['byib]] DK, (DS). give as the present of [[byib]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byid]] CD, DK, DS, TC. [['phyid]] ND, (DS). <br> '''Past''': [[phyid]] CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.[[byid]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [['byid]] ND, DS, TC. [[phyid]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[phyid]] ND, DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': ND. ''Involuntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[mi tshe]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': [To suffice, be enough] CD. To suffice for living, to live, to be accomplished in one's life DK. To have an accomplished life DS. To be sufficient, complete TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['byid]] LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['phyid]] CD. <br> '''Past''': [[phyis]] LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dbyi]] LZ, [CD], ND, DK, DS, TC. [[byi]] (DS). [['byi]] (TC). <br> '''Imperative''': [[phyis]] LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Causative of''': [['phyi]] (Gyurme 1992: 261). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[skra dang ri mo sogs]] LZ. [[rdul dang ri mo sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To wipe off, remove, efface CD. To wipe off, to erase, scrap out DK. To purify the smell of something by rubbing and scraping. 2. To erase (a drawing, or writing) DS. To purify, erase purposely TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['byid]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[byid]] CD, DK, TC. [[phyid]] CD.[['byid]] [DS]. <br> '''Future''': [['byid]] DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['byid]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Meaning''': To glide, slip, disappear, to slip away CD. To slip off, to miss one's footing DK. To slip, slide, loose footing DS. 1. To become naturally purified or erased. 2. For vision or the control of limbs to fail. 3. To slip, slide TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byild]] DK. [['byil]] DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[byil]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['byil]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[byild]] DK. - DS. [[byil]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS. ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. ''Transitive'': TC. <br> '''Meaning''': To bring down loosely, to fall into parts, fall into pieces DK. To slip, slide, and fall down DS. 1. To spread, smear, anoint. 2. To stroke TC (Duff).</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byin]] KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[phyung]] KYN, TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. [[phyungs]] ND. <br> '''Future''': [[dbyung]] KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[phyungs]] KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS. [[phyung]] CD, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [['byung]] [CD], (Chang 1971: vii.2), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178), (Bielmeier 1988: 20). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[dbugs sogs]] TD. [['byung khongs sogs las]] LZ. [[drung dang mun]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To take out, to remove, cause to come forth, to draw out, pull out (a thorn &c.). 2. To let proceed, to send forth, to emit, to sound forth, to release CD. 1. To take out from within. 2. To drive out, expel. 3. To take from a obscure place to an apparent place. 4. To originate from DS. To take out TC. <br> Note: Compare [[dbyung]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['bying]] CD, DK, DS, TC. [[bying]] ND. <br> '''Past''': [[bying]] CD, DK, DS, TC.[[spying]] ND. <br> '''Future''': [['bying]] ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': - ND, DS, TC. [['byings]] DK. <br> ''Involuntary'': ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[spying]] CD, (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 260) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[chu la]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To sink in, to sink down. 2. To grow faint, languid, remiss CD. To sink down, to go down under the surface of water, to be merged DK. To sink into mud and water DS. 1. To sink. 2. To be soiled, unclean TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byo]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[phyo]] CD. [[phyos]] CD. [[byos]] DK, TC. [[byo]] DS. <br> '''Future''': [[byo]] [CD], DK, TC. [['byo]] DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [[byo]] CD, DS.[[byos]] CD, TC.[['byos]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Meaning''': To pour out, to pour into another vessel (Situ 85) CD. To pour out, to spill out DK. To pour (water &c.) from high to low. 2. Similar to 'to pour' (e.g. rain) DS. To transfer, pour from one vessel to another TC. <br> Note:(Beyer 1992: 83) suggests that this verb is derived from [['bo]] via palatalization.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byog]] LZ, CD, DK, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['byogs]] LZ, DK, DS. [[byogs]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [['byog]] LZ, DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[byogs]] LZ. [['byogs]] DK, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': TC. <br> ''Transitive'': TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[lces]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To lick CD, DK, DS, TC.</p> +
<p>see [['byog]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byol]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. [['byold]] LZ. [[byol]] CD. <br> '''Past''': [[byold]] LZ, DK. [[byol]] CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[byol]] LZ, DK, DS. [['byol]] LZ, TC. [[dbyol]] CD. <br> '''Imperative''': [[byol]] LZ, CD, DS, TC. [[byold]] LZ. [['byold]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, DS, TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[gzhan dang las sogs]] ('byol) LZ. [[gtam ngan don ngan sogs las]] ('byold) LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To mistake, blunder, err, go astray (byol) CD. To give way, to make way ('byol) CD. To step aside, to avoid, to escape from DK. To avoid touching, avoid encountering DS. To avoid, shun, flee TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byon]] CD, DS, TC. [[spyon]] ND. [['byond]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[byon]] CD, DK, DS, TC. [[byond]] ND. <br> '''Future''': [['byon]] ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[byon]] CD, DS, TC. [[spyond]] ND. [[byond]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[spyon]] [CD]. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[tshur la]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': (honorific) To come, arrive, go, proceed, set out CD. To go, come DK. (honorific) To arrive DS. To arrive, arise TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['byon]] LZ, DK. <br> '''Past''': [[byond]] LZ. [['byond]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [[byon]] LZ. [['byon]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[sbyond]] LZ. [[byon]] (LZ). [['byond]] DK. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[ye shes pa dang tshogs zhing rnams]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To be able, to be capable, to be skillful DK.</p><p>see [[spyon]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byongs]] LZ. [['byong]] CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['byangs]] LZ. [['byongs]] DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[sbyang]] LZ. [['byong]] DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['byongs]] LZ. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[blo sems sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To be skilled, well-versed, be full of CD. To gain experience through training DS. To reach completion, to be talented by training TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['byong]] TC. <br> '''Past''': [['byongs]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [['byong]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': TC. <br> '''Meaning''': To have diarrhea and stomach illness TC. <br> Note: Compare [['byang]].</p><p>'''Present''': [['byong]] DS. <br> '''Past''': [['byangs]] DS. <br> '''Future''': [['byong]] DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [['byong]] DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS. <br> ''Transitive'': DS. <br> '''Meaning''': To drink a beverage in large gulps DS.</p><p>[['byong]] CD gives as the present of [['byang]]</p> +
<p>[['byongs]] LZ gives as the present of [['byang]]</p><p>see [['byong]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byor]] LZ, CD, DS. [['byar]] CD, DK, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['byard]] LZ, DK. [['byar]] DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['byar]] LZ, DK, TC. [['byor]] DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [['byord]] LZ. [['byard]] DK.- DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210), (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210). [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sbyor]] CD, (Chang 1971: vii.1), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 261) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[spyin sogs kyis]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To stick, adhere to, to take, contract (of diseases). 2. To be prepared, be ready, to have at hand, to prepare, make ready. 3. To agree, acquiesce, consent CD. To be attached, to be fastened DK. 1. For things to mutually meet, and become difficult to separate. 2. To hold each other DS. To be mutually connected TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['byor]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['byord]] DK. [['byor]] [DS],TC. <br> '''Future''': [['byor]] DK, [DS], TC <br> '''Imperative''': [['byord]] DK- TC. <br> ''Involuntary'':TC,(Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Meaning''': (honorific) To come, to arrive, to be received CD. To arrive, to receive, to reach DK. 1. To receive, get. 2. To arrive DS. 1. To arrive, receive. 2. To descend, fall TC.</p> +
<p>see [['byor]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [[byug]] LZ, CD, ND. [['byug]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[byugs]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[byug]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. [['byug]] ND. <br> '''Imperative''': [[byug]] LZ. [[byugs]] CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[dri mar sogs]] LZ. [[byug pa]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To wet, moisten, smear, spread over, anoint, apply a salve. 2. To stroke, pat CD. To anoint, to apply DK. 1. To rub with unguent. 2. To touch DS. To rub, smear, apply TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['byung]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[byung]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['byung]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['byung]] LZ. [[byung]] DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [['byin]] CD, (Chang 1971: vii.2), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178), (Bielmeier 1988: 20). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[brten sa sogs nas]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To come forth, arise, spring up, to emerge, to appear CD. To exist, be, come out, appear DK. 1. To exist, change. 2. To take out. 3. To be born. 4. To come out, emerge DS. To obtain, exist, be born, descend TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['cha']] LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bcas]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.[['chas]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [[bca']] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chos]] LZ, CD, ND, DS.[['cha']] DK. [['chos]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To draw up, prepare, construct, adjust. 2. (with [[dam]] ) To make a vow, to promise, assert. 3. (with [[zhen pa]] or [[chags pa]] ) To be attached to CD. 1. To make. 2. To vow, take an oath DK. 1. To resolve, determine (rules &c.) 2. To make a place for staying, supporting.3. To promise, take an oath DS.1. To establish, to draw up, to construct, to invent, to prepare. 2. To uphold, to promise, to keep TC. <br> Note: Compare [['chos]].</p><p>'''Present''': [['cha']] TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bcas]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bca']] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': To be settled down, to be established, to be set up, to be made TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['cha']] CD, DS,TC. <br> '''Past''': [['chos]] DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['cha']] DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['cho]] DS.[['chos]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[gnas sogs]] LZ. [[gnas dang khrims dam gtor ma]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To snap at, mangle, gnaw CD. To chew, to gnaw, to bite TC. To chew hard food with the teeth DS.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chab]] LZ, CD (archaic), ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bcabs]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bcab]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chobs]] LZ. [[chob]] CD. [['chobs]] ND, TC. [['chabs]] DK. [[chobs]] DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[lhung ba sogs]] LZ. [[nyes pa]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To conceal, to keep secret CD. To conceal, to hide DK. To keep a misdeed secret DS. To conceal, to hide, to keep secret TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chad]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[chad]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[chad]] LZ. [['chad]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chad]] LZ, DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': [CD], DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[gcod]] [CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[srog dang thag pa sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To cut into pieces, to decay, to break off, separate, to break asunder. 2. To cease, end, stop, die CD. To be broken off, be cut off; to discontinue; to be tired DK. 1. For a long thing to break into pieces. 2. To separate into many sections. 3. To be omitted, discarded. 4. To degenerate, decay, cease to exit DS. To be interrupted, to be broken, to be cut off. 2. To be incomplete, to be missing TC. <br> Note: Compare (Takeuchi 1995: 223).</p><p>'''Present''': [['chad]] KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[shod]] TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bshad]] KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bshad]] KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[shod]] KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[chos dang gtam sogs]] LZ. [[bon chos gtam]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To explain CD. To speak, tell, mention DK. 1. To explain verbally. 2. To give an commentary or exegesis. 3. To speak of good and evil DS. To discourse, to teach, to explain, to speak TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chag]] KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[chags]] CD. <br> '''Past''': [[bcags]] KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bcag]] KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chogs]] KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[zhabs kyis]] TD, LZ, ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To tread, walk, move CD. 1. To walk, to visit. 2. To wash a new cloth DK. To step on, to walk DS. 1. To walk on, to step on, to treat, to visit, to travel. 2. To reduce, to slow down. 3. (dialect) To beat gently, to pat TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['chag]] CD, DK, DS. [['cheg]] CD. [[chag]] TC. <br> '''Past''': [[chag]] CD, DK, DS, TC. [[chags]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [['chag]] DK, DS. [[chag]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chag]] DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[gcog]] [CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259) <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To break, be broken. To cut in twain, cleave, split. 2. To abate, beat down from the price CD. To be broken DK. 1. To break apart, be broken. 2. To not do what was to be done at a certain time [i.e. to be interrupted]. 3. To decrease, become less DS. To break, to fragment, to be broken. 2. To be interrupted TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['chag]] DS. <br> '''Past''': [['chags]] DS. <br> '''Future''': [['chag]] DS. <br> '''Imperative''': - DS. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. For one thing to be on top of another thing 2. To cover or stick to the outside of something DS.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [[bshags]] LZ.[['chags]] CD, DK, DS, TC. [['cheg]] CD. <br> '''Past''': [[bshags]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bshags]] LZ.[[bshag]] CD, DS, TC. [[bshags]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bshags]] LZ.[[shogs]] (LZ).[[shog]] CD, DS. [['chags]] DK. [[bshogs]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[sdig pa sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To explain, lay open. To confess, to acknowledge (Ja). 2. To be afraid of CD. To confess, to lay one's heart open and speak DK. 1. Having recognized and regretted past sins, to commit not to do them. 2. (of water &c.) To move [splash?] DS. To confess, to admit TC.</p><p>see [['chag]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chal]] CD, DS, TC. [['chald]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[chal]] DK. [['chal]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['chal]] DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chald]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To loose one's wits, to be confused, to be in disorder. 2. To hesitate, fluctuate in mind, be irresolute. 3. To fornicate, to commit adultery CD. To be out of order, to be disorderly or to be in a state of confusion DK. 1. To deteriorate in good activity of body and speech. 2. To deteriorate in understanding. 3. To be slanted (of a wall face) DS. To lose control, to be or become deranged. 2. (dialect) To tilt, to be unstable. 3. To be promiscuous, to fornicate TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['cham]] CD, DK, DS. [['chams]] TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bcam]] CD. [['chams]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['cham]] DK, DS. [['chams]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['chams]] DK. [['choms]] DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': To dance CD, DS,TC. To dance; to take a walk DK.</p><p>'''Present''': [['cham]] CD. [['chams]] TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bcam]] CD. [['chams]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [['chams]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': To accord, to agree CD. To get along with, to agree with, to be compatible TC. <br> Note: Root given as 'cham (= '?Sham) < *'thyam < 'tham 'grasp, embrace, join' (Beyer 1992: 84).</p> +
<p>see [['cham]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chang]] TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bcangs]] TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bcang]] TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chongs]] TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. [[chong]] CD. <br> ''Voluntary'': TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[yid dang lus la]] TC. [[rang sems dang lus la]] LZ. [[lag tu]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To hold, to take hold of, to keep, to bear. 2. To carry, wear. 3. To have, to assume (e.g. body of a goddess). 4. To bite, bark at CD. 1. To hold with the hand. 2. To hold in mind without forgetting DS. To hold, to grasp to seize, to maintain, to assume. 2. To keep in mind, to retain TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['char]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[shar]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['char]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['char]] LZ. [[shard]] DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239), (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> Denominative of: [[shar]] 'east' NWH. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[nye zla sogs dang blo la]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To arise, to start up, become visible, shine CD. To rise, to start DK. 1. (for the light of sun, moon, or stars) To spread, come out from the snyom thig of the east. 2. For the flower of a fruit tree to bloom. 3. (of a new era) To arrive. 4. To know or remember. 5. To reflect in a mirror &c. DS. 1. To arise, to emerge, to occur, to dawn, to bloom. 2. To become. 3. To recollect. 4. To be calculated, to be given, to be left (made in an arithmetic calculation) TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['che]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['ches]] LZ, DS, TC. [[bces]] CD. [[ches]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [['che]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. [[bce]] CD. <br> '''Imperative''': [['ches]] LZ, DS, TC. [[ches]] CD, DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Causative of''': [['ches]] [DK] <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[dam bca' ba'i ched khas]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To attest, to promise CD. To promise DK, DS. To promise, to make a promise, to affirm TC.</p> +
<p>[['cheg]] CD. gives as the present of [['chag]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chel]] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Past''': [[chel]] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Future''': [[chel]] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Syntax''':[Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': To fixate (on), to be fixated (on) (Hackett 2003).</p> +
<p>see [['che]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chi]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[shi]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['chi]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[shi]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': To die, to expire, to go out (as light, fire) CD. To die, to end one's life DK. For a life to end DS. 1. To die, to perish. 2. To expire, to die out, to perish TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chib]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. [['chibs]] CD. [[chibs]] ND. <br> '''Past''': [[bcibs]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bcib]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chibs]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Byams pa rdo rje 1996), [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> Denominative of: [[chibs]] 'horse' (Beyer 1992: 111) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[rta sogs]] LZ. [[rta sogs la]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': (respectful) To mount a horse or carriage CD. To ride a horse, &c. DK. (honorific) to ride a horse DS, TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['ching]] KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. [['chings]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[bcings]] KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bcing]] KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chings]] KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['chings]] CD. [['ching]] CD. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[zhags pa sogs kyis]] TD. [[thag pa sogs kyis]] LZ. [[dam du]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To bind, tie up, make fast, exorcise CD. To tie with a rope, bind DK. 1. To tie (a rope &c.). 2. To be a rule, standard DS. To bind, to tie, to fasten TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['ching]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[chings]] DK. [[ching]] (DK). <br> '''Future''': [['ching]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chings]] DK. <br> '''Meaning''': To be tied, fasted; to be unruly DK.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [[bcir]] LZ. [['chir]] (CD), DK, TC. [[cir]] (CD). <br> '''Past''': [[bcird]] LZ.[[bcir]] (CD), DK, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bcir]] LZ, TC. [[gcir]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[bcir]] LZ.[['chird]] DK. [['chir]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': TC. <br> ''Transitive'': TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[rlan sogs kyis]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To press, squeeze CD. To squeeze, press, interrogate DK. To squeeze, to press, to wring out TC. <br> Note:Root chir (= toehir) < *tshyir < *tshir (Beyer 1992: 83). <br> Note: Compare [[gcir]] and [['tshir]].</p><p>'''Present''': [['chir]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[chir]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [['chir]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chird]] DK. <br> '''Meaning''': To go in between; to be pressed DK.</p> +
<p>see [['cha']]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chol]] KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bcold]] KYN, LZ, ND, DK. [[bcol]] CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bcol]] KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['chold]] KYN. [[chold]] LZ, ND, DK. [['chol]] DS. [[chol]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYN, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [['phrin las]] LZ. [[lam sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To entrust, lay open, commit a thing to another's charge, to make, appoint CD. To entrust, rely upon DK. 1. To give something to another, and have him take care of it for some time. 2. To request another to attend to one's affairs in one's stead. 3. To have another attend to an affair having given something to another DS. To entrust, to charge with, to leave in someone's charge, to deposit TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['chold]] DK. [['chol]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Past''': [[chol]] DK. [['chol]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['chol]] DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chold]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': [DS], TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': To be disorderly, to be in a state of confusion DK. Similar in meaning to [['chal]] DS. To be disorderly, to be mistaken, to be confused. 2. To totter, to stagger TC. <br> Note: Compare [['chal]].</p> +
<p>see [['chol]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chor]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. [[shor]] (DK). <br> '''Past''': [[shord]] LZ, DK. [[shor]] CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[shor]] LZ, DK. [['chor]] DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['chor]] LZ. [['chord]] DK. [[shord]] (DK). - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [(Erg.)Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[la rgya dang sdom pa sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To escape, flee, steal away. 2. To flow out CD. To be let loose (a dog, &c.). 2. To lose, be stolen. 3. To escape, run away DK. 1. To escape from bondage. 2. To deteriorate, become weak. 3. To be unable to protect, or block. 4. To be unable to control the sense faculties DS. 1. To be robbed of, to be lost, to be deprived. 2. To make a slip TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['chor]] CD. <br> '''Past''': [[bshor]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [[gshor]] CD. <br> '''Meaning''': To pursue, chase, go after CD.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chos]] LZ, CD (archaic), ND, DK, (DS), TC. [[bca']] DS. <br> '''Past''': [[bcos]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['chos]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [[bco]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. [[bcos]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chos]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[gtor ma sogs]] LZ. [[bzo bos]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To make, make ready, prepare, construct, build CD. To make, manufacture, build DK. To make, prepare, make ready DS. To make, create TC. <br> Note: Compare [['cha']]</p><p>'''Present''': [['chos]] LZ. <br> '''Past''': [[bcos]] LZ. <br> '''Future''': [[bca']] LZ. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chos]] LZ. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[khrims sogs]] LZ. <br> Note: Doubtless identical to the previous.</p><p>see [['cha']]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chu]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[bcu]] LZ,CD. <br> '''Past''': [[bcus]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bcu]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.[[gcu]] LZ. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chus]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[bcus]] LZ. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> Denominative of: [[chu]] 'water' (Simon 1971: 474), (Beyer 1992: 111). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[dbyibs kyis skyogs su]] ('chu) LZ. [[chu dang ja sogs]] (bcu) LZ. [[chu sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To scoop up, to ladle (water), to irrigate, to water ('chu) CD. 1. To draw out water, to irrigate. 2. To distill (Situ 75) (bcu) CD. To draw out water, to fetch water DK. To pick up sand, water &c. with a ladle &c. and pour it into a vessel DS. 1. To fetch with a vessel. 2. To loose appetite. 3. (archaic) To plunder TC. <br> Note: related to the noun [[bcud]] 'humor, elixir' (Stein 1942: 205). Related to the nouns chab 'water' and bca 'drink' by ablaut (Simon 1971: 474).</p><p>'''Present''': [['chu]] CD, DK, DS. [['chus]] TC. <br> '''Past''': [['chus]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['chu]] DK, DS. [['chus]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['chus]] DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': To be twisted, distorted CD. 1. To be crooked, to be distorted, twisted. 2. To lose one's appetite DK. 1. To loose appetite. 2. To become crooked or in the shape of a twisted conch DS. To be or get twisted, to sprain, to be or get sprained TC.</p> +
<p>[['chud]] DK. gives as the present of [[chud]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chug]] ND, DK, DS, [TC]. <br> '''Past''': [['chugs]] ND, DK, DS. <br> '''Future''': [['chug]] ND, DK, DS. <br> '''Imperative''': - ND, DS. [['chugs]] DK. <br> ''Involuntary'': ND, DS. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[don sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To be mistaken, to be in a wrong direction DK. To make a mistake, to be confused (similar to [['phyug]] ) DS. To make a mistake, blunder, go wrong (alternative orthography of [['phyug]] ) TC. <br> Note: Compare [['phyug]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chugs]] [TC]. <br> ''Transitive'': (Skorupski 2001). <br> '''Meaning''': (archaic) To settle a dispute TC.</p><p>see [['chug]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chum]] LZ, CD, TC. [['chums]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [['chums]] LZ, TC. [[chum]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [['chum]] LZ, DK, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['chums]] LZ. [[chums]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[rgyu nor sogs la]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To wish, to long for CD. 1. To be attached to. 2. To be frightened, to contract, to become small DK. To be attached to, to be fond of, to be addicted to. 2. To shrink, to shrivel TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chums]] DS. <br> '''Past''': [['chums]] [DS]. <br> '''Future''': [['chums]] [DS]. <br> ''Transitive'': DS. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To enforce a given command by force. 2. Having established authority to make someone listen DS.</p><p>see [['chum]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chun]] CD, DK, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[chun]] DK, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['chun]] DK, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[chund]] DK.- TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': TC. <br> '''Resultative of''': [['jun]] (Beyer 1992: 112). <br> Denominative of: [['chun pa]] 'under one's control' CD. <br> '''Meaning''': To be tamed, subdued, made to yield CD. To be under control, to be subdued, to be able to contain DK. To become tamed, to become disciplined TC. <br> Note:CD suggests this verb is a denominal use of the adjective [['chun pa]] 'under one's control'.</p><p>[['chun]] LZ gives as the present of [['jun]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['chur]] TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': (Skorupski 2001). <br> '''Meaning''': (archaic) To arrive TC.</p><p>see [['churd]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['churd]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[chur]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [['chur]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[churd]] DK. <br> '''Meaning''': To be able to contain, to suffice in capacity DK. <br> Note: Compare [[gcur]].</p> +
<p>[['chus]] TC. gives as the present to [['chu]]</p><p>see [['chu]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['da']] LZ, CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['das]] LZ, CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['da']] LZ, CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['da']] LZ. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Abl./Ela.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[dam tshig sogs las]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To pass away, to go beyond, to surmount, get the better of CD. 1. For time to elapse. 2. For a number to increase, to pass beyond the boundary of a group. 3. To die. 4. For a period of time to be finished. 5. To be superior in a characteristic DS. 1. To pass beyond a boundary. 2. For life to finish, to die TC. <br> Note:(Beyer 1992: 77) gives this as evidence of the sound change zla a lza a lda a 'da.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dad]] DS. <br> '''Past''': [['dad]] [DS]. <br> '''Future''': [['dad]] [DS]. <br> ''Transitive'': DS. <br> '''Meaning''': gshin las byed pa'i donDS.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dag]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[dag]] LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dag]] LZ. [['dag]] ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[dag]] LZ. [['dag]] DK. [['dags]] (DK). - ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Ass.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[dri ma sogs]] LZ. [[dri ma]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To lick off CD. To be clean, to become pure DK. To clear away (smell, color &c.). 2. To overstep a nation's law. 3. To disappear once dead DS. To become clean TC. <br> Note:(Beyer 1992: 77) suggests this as evidence of the sound change zl a *lz a *ld a 'd, connecting it to the verb ldag 'lick' and zlag (zlog (?)) however he seems to rely to heavily on CD for his definition, compare ldag.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dal]] CD, DS, TC. [['dald]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[dald]] DK. [['dal]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dal]] DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dold]] DK. [['dol]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Resultative of''': [[bdal]] (Duff). <br> '''Meaning''': To sink down CD. To spread over, to be absorbed, to smudge DK. To become larger through soaking with water DS. To spread TC. <br> Note:(Duff) also connects the verb to [[gdal]].</p><p>'''Present''': [['dald]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[dal]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [['dal]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[dald]] DK. <br> '''Meaning''': To be free from other works, to be slow DK.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dam]] TC. <br> '''Past''': [[btam]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [[gtam]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[thom]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': TC. <br> ''Transitive'': TC. <br> '''Meaning''': To entrust, commit to another TC.</p><p>[['dam]] CD, DS, TC. give as the present of [['dem]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dang]] CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dangs]] CD, TC. [['dang]] [DS]. <br> '''Future''': [['dang]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To be right, to suit. 2. To come to, to arrive at (Sch.) CD. 1. To reach a certain measure. 2. bkol yun ring ba steDS. To reach a certain number TC.</p> +
<p>see [['dang]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dar]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dard]] DK. [['dar]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dar]] DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dar]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Meaning''': To shiver, to tremble (usually with cold or fear), to shudder DK. 1. For something to very quickly move back and forth. 2. To reverse, change DS. To quiver, shake TC.</p> +
<p>see [['dar]]</p> +
<p>see [['da']]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['debs]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[btab]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[gtab]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['debs]] CD. <br> '''Imperative''': [[thob]] KYT,TD, CD, TC. [[thobs]] KYN, ND, DK DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [[thebs]] (Beyer 1992: 113). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[sa bon sogs]] TD. [[smon lam dang sa bon sogs]] LZ. [[gsol ba smon lam ki sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To throw, strike, hit, offer (Rdo 46) CD. To sow, to pray, to defame, libel falsely, to reply, answer DK. To put a seed under ground, and make it grow DS. 1. To sow, newly plant. 2. To do. 3. To ask, offer, pray TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['ded]] KYN,LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[bda']] CD. <br> '''Past''': [[bdas]] KYN,LZ, CD, (NDB), DK, DS, TC.[[ded]] ND. <br> '''Future''': [[bda']] KYN,LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['ded]] (ND). <br> '''Imperative''': [[dos]] KYN (archaic), LZ. [[ded]] KYN,(LZ), DK, DS, TC. [[dod]] ND. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYN,ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[rkun ma sogs]] LZ. [[rjes su]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To drive, to drive out. 2. To bear away, bear along, bear off, to hurry off. 3. To call in, collect, recover CD. To drive, to chase DK. 1. To drive away, expel. 2. To chase after in order to apprehend DS. 1. To drive away, to chase after. 2. To incite, provoke, make act. 3. To count, look into, investigate TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['ded]] LZ, CD, ND, DS. [[ded]] CD. <br> '''Past''': [[ded]] LZ, CD, ND, DS.[[bdas]] (NDB) <br> '''Future''': [[ded]] LZ. [[bda']] ND. [['ded]] (ND), DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [[ded]] LZ, CD.[[dod]] ND. [[thed]] DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS. <br> ''Transitive'': DS. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[rjes nas]] LZ.[[rjes su]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To follow, to come out in succession, to succeed. 2. To drive, pursue CD. 1. To urge (cattle &c) to return. 2. To chase after (game animals &c.) in order to catch. 3. To collect a debt. 4. To probe, to pursue thorough investigation. 5. To drive away DS.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['degs]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[gdeg]] LZ. [['deg]] CD, (DK). <br> '''Past''': [[btegs]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS. [[bteg]] CD, (ND), DK, (DS), TC. <br> '''Future''': [[gtegs]] KYT, KYN. [[gteg]] TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[bteg]] LZ. <br> '''Imperative''': [[thegs]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DS. [[theg]] CD, (DS), TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [[theg]] NWH. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [['og mas gong du]] TD. [[gdung ma sogs]] ('degs) LZ. [[gyen du]] ('degs) LZ. [[gong ngam gyen du]] (gdeg) LZ. [[srang dang yar la]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To lift, raise, hold up, hoist. 2. To weigh CD. To raise up, to lift up, to offer, to weight, measure DK. To [put] something up high DS. 1. To lift up, raise up. 2. To lift upon a scale TC.</p><p>[['degs]] TC. gives as the present of [[theg]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dem]] LZ, CD, DK, (DS). [['dam]] CD, DS, TC. [[gdam]] (DS). <br> '''Past''': [[bdams]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. [[gdams]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [[bdam]] LZ, DK, (DS), TC. [[gdam]] (DK) DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dems]] LZ, DK, DS. [['doms]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[mang po nang nas]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To pick out, to mark out, to choose ('dam) CD. To prove, examine (Sch.) ('dem) CD. To choose, to select, to elect DK. [To select] from the midst of many DS. To choose, select TC.</p> +
<p>see [['dem]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['deng]] LZ, CD, DK, DS. <br> '''Past''': [[dong]] LZ. [[deng]] (LZ), CD. [['dongs]] (LZ).[[dengs]] CD, DK, DS.[['dengs]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [['dong]] LZ. [[deng]] DK. [['deng]] DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [[dengs]] LZ.[['deng]] CD. [['dengs]] DK.- DS. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [['di nas gzhan du]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To go, go away, depart, vanish CD. To go, to send a person DK. To clear, vanish (of clouds, smoke &c.) DS. <br> Note: Compare [['dong]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['ding]] KYT,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['dings]] LZ, (DK). <br> '''Past''': [[btings]] KYT,TD, LZ, ND, DS. [[bting]] CD, DK, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[gding]] KYT,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[bting]] LZ. <br> '''Imperative''': [[things]] KYT,LZ, CD, ND, DS. [[tings]] TD, LZ. [[thing]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT,TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[gdan sogs]] TD, LZ. [[gdan du]] NDA. [[bdan du]] NDB. <br> '''Meaning''': To spread on the ground (a mat &c.), lay out, sprinkle, strew (grass, hay) CD. To spread mats &c., to lay down foundations, to plan DK. To spread something on the surface of the ground DS. To organize, lay out on the ground TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dod]] LZ, CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dod]] LZ, [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dod]] LZ, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dod]] LZ. - TC. <br> Auxiliary:(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 248). <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS. ''Intransitive'':TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[go sa sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To desire with the mind, to wish, to be willing CD. To be agreeable, to like, to come to mind. 2. To assert, claim DS. 1. To want, desire, crave. 2. To assert, claim TC. <br> Note: (Ja) suggests a relationship with [[dad]].</p><p>[['dod]] DS. gives as the present of [[gtod]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dog]] DS. <br> '''Past''': [[btags]] DS. <br> '''Future''': [[gdag]] DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [[thogs]] DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS. <br> ''Transitive'': DS. <br> '''Meaning''': To disappear after dying DS.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dogs]] KYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[btags]] KYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[gdags]] KYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[thog]] (Zeisler 2004: 349).[[thogs]] KYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[ming sogs]] TD. [[ming dang snyan shal sogs]] LZ. [[dam dang min phan sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To bind, fasten, attach, to tie round CD. To name, to put on, to wear ornaments, to hang, suspend from, to make a false accusation DK. 1. To tie, link (rope &c.). 2. To name something. 3. To speak about nothing (a fault, mistake &c.). 4. To establish benefit DS. To tie, bind TC. <br> Note:(Haarh 1969: 313) refers the noun [[bdag]] 'owner, self' to the past stem of this verb, he also connects this verb with the archaic terms [[dog]] , [[rdog]] , and [[bdog]].</p> +
<p>see [['dal]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dom]] DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dom]] [DS]. [['doms]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dom]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Meaning''': To mix, encounter DS. To gather together, bring to one place TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['doms]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['dom]] CD. <br> '''Past''': [[gdams]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[gdams]] LZ, CD. [[gdam]] CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['doms]] LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[bka' bstan gyi man ngag sogs]] LZ. [[bka' sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To induce, to admonish, to exhort. 2. To assemble, to come together. 3. To demonstrate, explain. 4. To select, to choose CD. To give advice, to advise DK. To teach with helpful words DS. To show, to teach TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dond]] (see note).[['don]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bton]] KYT, KYN, CD, DK, DS, TC. [[btond]] TD, LZ, ND. <br> '''Future''': [[gdon]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[thon]] KYT,CD, DS, TC. [[thond]] KYN, TD, LZ, ND. [['dond]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [['thon]] (Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 260). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[ma ??i sogs]] TD. [[tshogs pa'i nang nas dang kha don sogs]] LZ. [[khung nas dang kha 'don]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To cause to go out, come forth, expel, throw out, eject CD. To take, bring out, to expel, turn out DK. 1. To read a book. 2. To take out, draw out. 3. To speak DS. 1. To take out, open. 2. To speak, read. 3. To enthrone, install in power TC. <br> Note: Attested in the phrase [['don 'dond]] (Richardson 1985: 45 line 15). (Zeisler 2004: 458) interprets [['dond]] as the present, whereas (Li & Coblin 1987:414) give [['don 'dond]] as the 'continuative' of [['don]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dong]] CD, ND, DS, TC. [['dongs]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[dong]] CD, DK, DS, TC. [['dong]] CD. [[dengs]] ND. <br> '''Future''': [['dong]] ND, DK, TC. [[dong]] DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [[dong]] CD.[['dong]] CD.[[dengs]] ND, DS, TC. [[dongs]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[phyir la]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': (archaic) To go, to proceed CD. To go DK. (archaic) To go, travel DS. To go, go out, depart TC. <br> Note: Compare [['deng]].</p><p>see [['deng]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dor]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[dord]] LZ, ND, DK. [[dor]] CD, DS, TC.[[dard (?)]] (Li and Coblin 1987: 161 n. 9). <br> '''Future''': [[dor]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. [['dor]] ND. <br> '''Imperative''': [[dor]] LZ, CD, DS, TC. [[dord]] ND. [['dord]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [['thor]] (Beyer 1992: 112). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[bya ba ngan pa sogs]] LZ. [['dor bya]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To cast forth, to throw out, to eject, to reject, to fling away, to sweep off, sweep away, to give up CD. To throw, to give up, to cast aside DK. 1. To separate, break a connection. 2. To discard, throw away. 3. To not carry mentally DS. To give up, send away, discard, throw away TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dra]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[dras]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dra]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[dros]] (Zeilser 2004: 349), DS, TC. [[dras]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': To cut, clip, lop, dress, prune, pare with a knife or scissors CD. To cut a piece of cloth for stitching DK. To cut with scissors, to cut with a saw DS. To cut TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['dra]] DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dra]] [DS]. <br> '''Future''': [['dra]] [DS]. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Ass.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To be similar. 2. To be one. 3. To be equal, alike DS. To be similar TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['drad]] (CD), ND, DK, (DS), TC. [['brad]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[brad]] CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[drad]] DK. [['drad]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dbrad]] CD, DK, DS, TC.[['drad]] NDB, TC. [['brad]] NDA. [[drad]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[brod]] CD, DK, TC. [[brad]] ND. [['drad]] DK. [[phrod]] DS. [['drod]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[za bun]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To scratch, scrape, tear with the claws CD. To scratch, to rub with the finger nails, to rub ('drad) DK. To scrape with finger nails, to scratch, to rub, to draw ('brad) DK. To dig at the hard top surface (e.g. of the ground) DS. To pick, pluck, tear ('drad) TC. To comb, scrape ('brad) TC. <br> Note: Compare [[hrad]].</p><p>[['drad]] DK. gives as the present of [['dred]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dral]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[drald]] LZ, DK. [[dral]] CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dral]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[drold]] LZ. [['drald]] DK. [[drol]] DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. ''Transitive'': TC. <br> '''Causative of''': [[ral]] (Sprigg 1970: 16), (Chang 1971: i.4). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[bcas pa dang gos sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To break, violate. 2. To tear to pieces, rend asunder, to rip open (an animal) CD. To cause to be shameless, to do with out, to break, violate a promise or law DK. 1. To spew forth from a hole in the outer layer of. 2. For something old to become rags, tatters DS. To violate, break TC. <br> Note: Compare [[hral]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dre]] LZ, CD, (DK) DS, TC. [['dres]] LZ, CD, DK. <br> '''Past''': [['dres]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dre]] LZ, (DK), DS, TC. [['dres]] LZ, DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dres]] LZ, CD, DK.- DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD. ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sre]] CD (Ja), (Chang 1971: iv.8), (Beyer 1992: 117 n. 15), (Gyurme 1992: 258). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[rdzas sogs phan tshun]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To be mixed up with, to blend with, to go together. 2. To discriminate by intelligence. 3. To interfere with to, to have intercourse with, to engage in CD. To be mixed, to blend together, to go together DK. To gather together unlike things DS, TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dred]] LZ, CD, DS, TC. [['gred]] LZ, (DS), (TC).[['drad]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [['gred]] LZ, [(DS)], [(TC)]. [[dred]] DK. [['dred]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['gred]] LZ, [(DS)], [(TC)].[['dred]] DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dred]] LZ. [['gred]] LZ. [[dred]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[rkang pa sogs]] ('dred) LZ.[[chu 'dam sogs la]] ('gred) LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To be sick of (at heart), to be disgusted, annoyed. 2. To slide, glide, slip (Ja) CD. To slip off, to loose one's footing DK. 1. To be irritated, annoyed. 2. [To loose footing, slip, slide] DS. To loose one's footing TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dreg]] LZ, CD, ND, (TC). [['breg]] (LZ), CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[regs]] (Taube 1978: 198; ngag dbang tshul khrims 1997), [[rags]] (Taube 1978: 198). [[dregs]] LZ. [[bregs]] (LZ), DK, DS, TC. [['dregs]] CD. [[breg]] ND, CD. <br> '''Future''': [[dreg]] LZ. [[breg]] (LZ), DK, DS. [['drag]] ND[[surely a mistake for 'dreg]]. [['breg]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[dregs]] LZ. [[bregs]] (LZ), (DK), DS, TC. [[brog]] CD. [[brogs]] CD, ND. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'':DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[skra sen sogs]] LZ. [[skra sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To excise, shave the hair, pare the nails &c. ('dreg) CD. To lop off, prune, amputate ('breg) CD. To cut, shave DK. To cut evenly many fine things with a knife or sickle DS. To cut TC. <br> Note: Compare [[regs]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dregs]] DS. <br> '''Past''': [['dregs]] [DS]. <br> '''Future''': [['dregs]] [DS]. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. <br> '''Meaning''': To reach the point of burning (once dried by the heat of fire, the sun &c.) DS.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [[drang]] (see note).[['dren]] KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['drong]] CD. <br> '''Past''': [['drend]] (see note).[[drangs]] KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[drang]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [[drang]] KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[drongs]] KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[drong]] CD. [['drend]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYN,TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[gnas su]] TD. [[gnas dang gzhan du]] LZ. [[zas dang gnas nas]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To draw, to pull. 2. To conduct, to draw along, to invite CD. ([[dra ma]] ~, with a terminative of destination and an allative of the enemy) To lead (a campaign) (Uray 1962). 1. To draw, to pull. 2. To conduct, to lead a group of soldiers in war, to lead, guide. 3. To invite. 4. To derogate DK. 1. To lead. 2. (honorific) To give, to pour for someone. 3. To desire, love, crave. 4. To give the scriptural reference for the reason behind the correct view and explanation. 5. To bring, to draw in one direction. 6. To guide DS. 1. To draw. 2. To lead. 3. To offer, give to eat or drink. 4. To cite. 5. To desire, love, be attached to TC. <br> Note: To be separated into two verbs [['dren]] , [['drens]] 'invite' and [['drang]] /[[drang]] , [[drangs]] 'draw, lead', both attested in Old Tibetan (Bielmeier 2004: 405), cf. 'drong</p><p>[['dren]] LZ, DK, (TC). give as the present of [[bgrang]].</p> +
<p>see [['dren]]</p> +
<p>[['dres]] LZ, CD, DK. give as the present of [['dre]]</p><p>see [['dre]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dri]] LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[dris]] LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. [['dris]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [[dri]] LZ, ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[dris]] LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[dogs gnas dang gtam sogs]] LZ. [[btam]] NDB. [[gtam]] NDA. <br> '''Meaning''': To ask, to ask for, enquire after CD. To ask another person to clarify key unknown points, or one's own ignorance DS. To ask TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['drid]] LZ, CD, DK, TC. [['brid]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, (TC). <br> '''Past''': [[drid]] LZ, DK. [[brid]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[drid]] LZ, DK. [[brid]] LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[drid]] LZ. [[brid]] LZ, ND, DS, TC.[['brid]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': TC. <br> ''Transitive'': TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[sgyu thabs sogs kyis]] ('drid) LZ.[[sgyu thabs kyis]] ('brid) LZ.[[bslu ba'i]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To entrap, delude, deceive, beguile, impose on CD. To deceive, to delude DK. To interest hither through deceptive means or objects DS. To deceive TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dril]] CD, DK, DS, TC. [['gril]] (TC). <br> '''Past''': [[dril]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dril]] DK. [[dril]] DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[drild]] DK. [[dril]] DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': CD (def. 3), DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] 'to roll (into)' (Hackett 2003).[Abs. Obl.] 'to roll down' (Hackett 2003). <br> Denominative of: [[ril ba]] 'round' (Sprigg 1970: 16) (Beyer 1992: 73), 'scroll'(Rona-Tas 1978: 359). [[hril po]] 'round, globular, dense' (Rona-Tas 1978: 359) <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To roll down, to be rolled along, be rolled down. 2. To be joined, entwined, wrapped, enveloped. 3. To wrap up, to coil, to roll about CD. To be rolled along, to be rolled down, to be struck DK. 1. To bring together in one place. 2. To make round, into a ball, roll up DS. 1. To make round, form into a ball. 2. To roll up (e.g. a scroll painting). 3. To gather TC. <br> Note:(Rona-Tas 1978: 359) calls [['dril]] 'to be turned, rolled round, twisted into a thing.' the 'passive' of [['gril]] 'to be twisted, to be turned round' with [[sgril]] 'to wind up, roll, wrap' the 'transitive'.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dring]] (Li 1959). <br> '''Past''': [[rings]] (Li 1959). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sring]] NWH. <br> Denominative of: [[ring]] 'long' (Li 1959). <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To be distant. 2. ([[glo ba]] ~) To be disloyal (Li 1959).</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dris]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dris]] LZ, DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dris]] LZ, DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dris]] LZ, DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[lus sems la]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To be well acquainted with, to know intimately, to be accustomed to CD. To be acquainted with, to be known, to be used to, to be associated with DK. 1. To acquire familiarity with. 2. To be fond of, to love DS. To get familiar with, to get accustomed to TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['drog]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['drogs]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['drog]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['drogs]] DK.- DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Resultative of''': [[skrog]] (Chang 1971: iv.10). <br> '''Meaning''': To wince, shrink, quiver, shudder (from fear) CD. To wince, to be surprised by fear DK. To be scared and jump, run (of a horse, mule &c.) DS. To wince, to shrink from fear TC.</p> +
<p>see [['drog]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['drong]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['drongs]] [CD], DS, TC. [[drongs]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [['drong]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['drongs]] DK, DS. - TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS. ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS. ''Intransitive'': TC. <br> '''Meaning''': To believe, to confide in CD. To come, arrive as a guest DK. To draw out, take out DS. To become available, to arrive TC. <br> Note: Compare [['dren]].</p> +
<p>see [[bgrang]]</p><p>see [['drong]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dru]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, (DS), TC. [['brud]] (LZ), (DS), TC. [['bru]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[drus]] LZ, ND, DK, TC. [[brus]] (LZ), CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dru]] LZ, ND, TC. [['bru]] (LZ), TC. [[dru]] DK. [[bru]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[drus]] LZ, ND, TC. [[brus]] (LZ), DK, DS, TC. [['drus]] DK. [['brus]] (DK). <br> ''Voluntary'': ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[mtshang dang khung ba sogs]] LZ. [[khung bu]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To dig a hole, ditch ('dru) CD. To pry into, scrutinize, probe, inflame, irritate ('bru) CD. To dig a hole, ditch, to dig ('dru) DK. To dig earth, to make a hole, to dig out, to search out ('bru) DK. 1. To dig a hole. 2. To find faults DS. To dig ('dru) TC. 1. To take out. 2. To dig, dig out ('bru) TC. To dig, dig out ('brud) TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['drub]] CD, DK, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[drubs]] CD, DK. [[drub]] CD. [['drubs]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [[drub]] DK. [['drub]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[drubs]] CD. [[drub]] CD. [['drubs]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD. ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': TC. <br> '''Meaning''': To heal up CD. To heal a wound DK. For a wound to heal TC. <br> Note: Compare [[rub]].</p><p>'''Present''': [['drub]] CD, DK, DS, (TC). [[drub]] TC. <br> '''Past''': [[drubs]] CD, DK, DS, TC. [[drub]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [[drub]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[drubs]] CD, DS, TC. [[drub]] CD. [['drubs]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> Denominative of: [[srub]] 'a seam' (Emmerick 1983: 68) <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To sew. 2. To embroider CD. To stitch, to sew DK. To sew DS, TC. <br> Note: Compare [[rub]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['drud]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[drud]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[drud]] LZ, DK. [['drud]] ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[drud]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[shing dang slog hrul sogs]] LZ. [[sa la]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To drag, haul, pull along. 2. To rub CD. To drag, to push a penis in, to harm a woman's private parts by pushing in DK. 1. To go while dragging something. 2. To file something rough DS. To drag across the ground TC. <br> Note: Compare [['brud]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['drugs]] CD. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To stir up, agitate. 2. To fall into small pieces, to crumble away (Sch.) CD.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['drul]] DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[drul]] DS, [TC]. <br> '''Future''': [['drul]] DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [[drul]] DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS. <br> ''Transitive'': DS. <br> '''Meaning''': To make rot DS. (archaic) To rot TC. <br> Note: Compare [['brul]] , [[rul]] , [[srul]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['drums]] [TC], (Ngag dbang tshul khrims) <br> '''Past''': [[drums]] (Ngag dbang tshul khrims) <br> '''Meaning''': To harm, be a bad omen TC. To split, break crumble collapse (Ngag dbang tshul khrims). <br> Note: Compare [[drum]] which TC gives as an alternate present of [[grum]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['du]] LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dus]] LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['du]] LZ, ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dus]] LZ, ND, TC. - DS. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, (Hoshi 2003). ''Voluntary'': ND, TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sdud]] CD, (Laufer 1915: 62), (Gyurme 1992: 260).[['thu]] (Beyer 1992: 112). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[gnas dang tshang sogs la]] LZ. [[mgron bzhi sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To collect, accumulate. 2. To come together, to assemble (of men and animals). 3. To get married, to unite, to join together. 4. (in philosophical language) To unite. 5. To consist of, in CD. 1. For many things to assemble. 2. To classify. 3. To mix together DS. To assemble TC. <br> Note:(Stein 1942: 205) suggests this verb is connected to [[dud]] 'tie' [[sdud]] 'join, unite, marry' [[mdun ma]] 'spouse', [['dun ma]] 'council, association, society, fiance' [[mdud pa]] 'knot' and [[dun ma]] 'assembly' found in Dunhuang texts along with the variants [['dun tsha,]] [['dun sa]] , [[mdu tsa]] , [[bdun tsa]]. To this (Beyer 1992: 97) adds [[sdud]] 'fold of a garment.'</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dud]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[btud]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[btud]] LZ, CD, DK, DS. [['thud]] ND. [[gdud]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dud]] LZ, DK. [[thud]] ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [[dud]] (Duff). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[zhabs sogs la]] LZ. [[zhabs la]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To bend, to make a bow CD. To bow in greeting, to respect, to salute DK. 1. To bend down. 2. To arrive in a near place DS. To bow, pay respect TC.</p><p>[['dud]] DK gives as the present of [[dud]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dug]] CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dug]] ND, [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dug]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To sit, remain. 2. To be CD. 1. To sit. 2. To remain, exist DS.</p><p>Auxiliary: [['dug]] CD, DS, TC. <br> Function: If annexed to a simple root, the present tense is usually indicated, used with kyi, gin, gi a periphrastic present tense. With nas, bas, te and shing an imperfect tense with the sense, 'it seems' CD. Auxiliary verb of the present stem DS. 1. To sit, to stay. 2. To exist obviously TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dul]] KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[btul]] KYT, KYN, DK, DS, TC. [[btuld]] LZ, ND.[[thul]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [[gtul]] KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[thul]] KYT,CD, DS, TC. [[thuld]] KYN, LZ, ND. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [[dul]] NWH.[['thul]] (Gyurme 1992: 260). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[rang gzhan sbyin bdag sogs]] LZ. [[bdud dang tshon sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To subdue, conquer, vanquish, kill, annihilate. 2. To till, cultivate (waste land). 3. To tame, bring under right discipline. 4. To convert CD. To subdue, to subjugate, to bring under control, to tame, make useful DK. 1. To defeat. 2. To tame (a horse &c.). 3. To change, transform. 4. To powder, reduce to powder DS. To make something bad good TC. <br> Note: Compare [[gdul]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dum]] CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dums]] DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dum]] DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sdum]] (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 260) <br> '''Meaning''': To bring to reconciliation, to reconcile one's self to, to be reconciled with CD. To be alright, to be harmonious DS. 1. To be alright, to be harmonious. 2. (archaic) To become shorter TC.</p> +
<p>see [['dum]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dun]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dund]] LZ, DK.[['dun]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dun]] LZ, DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dund]] LZ, DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[chos sogs la]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To long for, crave, to hanker after CD. To desire, wish earnestly, to want, to expect DK. To hope, to aspire for DS. To hope, desire, seek TC.</p> +
<p>see [['dun]]</p> +
<p>[['dung]] DK. gives as the present of [[bdung]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dur]] LZ, CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['durd]] LZ. [['dur]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dur]] LZ, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['durd]] LZ. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[dud 'gro sogs kyi bang rtsal]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To trot, to run in a trot CD. To go DS. 1. To go moderately slow. 2. To fall apart, fall into pieces. 3. To be pressed down on TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['dur]] (Stein 1988: 45). <br> '''Past''': [[bdur]] (Stein 1988: 45). <br> '''Meaning''': (in Bon literature) To perform the main act of a Bon-po funeral rite (Stein 1988: 45).</p> +
<p>see [['dur]]</p> +
<p>see [['du]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [[gzon]] ND. [['dza']] DS, TC. [[gson]] (DS). [[za]] (TC). <br> '''Past''': [[zos]] ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dza']] ND, TC. [[za]] DS. [[gzan]] (DS) <br> '''Imperative''': [[zos]] ND. [[gzon]] DS. - TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': ND, DS. ''Involuntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[chud du]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To waste DS. To go to waste TC. <br> Note: Compare [[gzon]] , [[gson]] , [[gzan]].</p><p>[['dza']] ND. gives as the present of [[za]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzab]] CD, DK. <br> '''Past''': [[dzabs]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [[dzab]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dzabs]] DK. <br> '''Meaning''': To count on the beads, to mutter charms, to pronounce CD. To recite mantras, to repeat, mutter mantras DK.</p><p>[['dzab]] CD. gives as the present of [[gzab]].</p> +
<p>see [['dzab]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzad]] LZ, CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[zad]] LZ, CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dzad]] LZ, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dzod]] LZ. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[zla ngo dang bsod nams sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To go down, dwindle, be consumed, to come to and end CD. To finish, perfect DS. To reach and end, finish, perfect TC. <br> Note: Compare [[zad]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [[zags]] LZ.[['dzag]] CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[gzags]] LZ, CD. [[zags]] CD, DS. [[zag]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [[gzag]] LZ, CD. [[zag]] [CD]. [['dzag]] DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[zags]] LZ. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [['tshag]] CD, (Chang 1971: viii.16) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[snod sogs nas mar]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To drop, drip, trickle, leak, run out CD. For a liquid to fall down DS. To fall, drip, seep TC. <br> Note: Compare [[zag]] , [[gzag]].</p><p>'''Present''': [['dzag]] LZ. <br> '''Past''': [['dzags]] LZ. <br> '''Future''': [['dzag]] LZ. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dzags]] LZ. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[sa bon dang bcud sogs]] LZ.</p> +
<p>see [['dzag]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzar]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bzar]] DS. [[dzar]] DK. [['dzar]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dzar]] DK, TC.[[gzar]] DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [[dzard]] DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[gzar]] NWH. <br> '''Meaning''': To hang down, to be left DK. For water to slowly drip from wet wool which is hung up DS. To hang down TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['dzar]] CD. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To take dinner at midday. 2. To dress carelessly, or in a loose manner, to huddle on clothes or rags CD.</p><p>[['dzar]] CD, DS. give as the present to [[gzar]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzed]] CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bzed]] CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dzed]] ND. [[bzed]] DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[zed]] ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[snong kha]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To hold out, forth CD. To take something offered in the palm of a hand, or lip of a vessel DS. To present in the direction of the lip of a vessel TC. <br> Note: Compare [[gzed]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzeg]] ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dzegs]] ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dzeg]] ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dzogs]] ND. [['dzegs]] DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. ''Transitive'': TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[gyen la]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To climb up to ascend, to walk up CD. To climb up, to ascend, to walk up DK. To go from a low place to a high one DS. To go upward TC.</p> +
<p>see [['dzeg]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzem]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dzems]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. [['dzem]] ND.[[zem]] (DK). <br> '''Future''': [['dzem]] LZ, DK, TC. [[gzem]] DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dzem]] LZ. [['dzems]] DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [['go nad sogs la]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To shrink from, to shun, avoid CD. To be ashamed, to hesitate, to avoid DK. 1. To control, restrict oneself. 2. To shy away, avoid, protect oneself. 3. To be suspicious, careful, concerned DS. 1. To be careful, wary. 2. To be timid, anxious, shy TC.</p> +
<p>see [['dzem]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzeng]] CD. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To fight with projectiles, to throw stones. 2. To stick, jut out, to project, to be prominent (Sch.) CD.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzer]] CD, DK, DS, TC. [[mdzer]] CD. <br> '''Past''': [[mdzerd]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [[mdzer]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dzerd]] DK. <br> '''Meaning''': (archaic) To say, speak CD. To speak, to say DK. (archaic) To say DS. (archaic) 1. To say. 2. To impose TC. <br> Note: Compare [[zer]].</p><p>'''Present''': [['dzer]] LZ, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dzerd]] LZ. [['dzer]] [DS]. <br> '''Future''': [['dzer]] LZ,[DS]. <br> '''Imperative''': [[zerd]] LZ. <br> ''Transitive'': DS. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [['dzer ma sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': (dialect) To pierce, lance DS. (archaic) To pierce TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['dzerd]] DK. [['dzer]] CD, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[dzer]] DK. [['dzer]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dzer]] DK, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[dzerd]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': TC. <br> '''Meaning''': (archaic) To be horse CD. To be horse, for one's voice to become bad DK. To be unable to speak, speak with difficulty TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['dzer]] ND. [['dzerd]] DK. <br> '''Past''': [[gtserd]] ND. [[btserd]] DK. <br> '''Future''': [[gtser]] ND. [[btser]] DK. <br> '''Imperative''': [[gtserd]] ND. [[dzerd]] DK. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[snyan]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To cause become horse, to cause to be rough and harsh voice [sic] DK.</p> +
<p>see [['dzer]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzi]] CD, DS. <br> '''Past''': [['dzi]] [DS]. <br> '''Future''': [['dzi]] [DS]. <br> ''Transitive'': DS. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To be busy about, to be engaged in, to be taken up with, absorbed by anything. 2. To abstain from, to be abstinent, temperate (Sch.) CD. To abstain, quite, be temperate DS.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzin]] KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['dzind]] (see note) TD, LZ. <br> '''Past''': [[bzung]] KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, (ND), DK, DS, TC. [[bzungs]] TD, ND.[[zum]] CD (in West). <br> '''Future''': [[gzung]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[gzungs]] (ND). <br> '''Imperative''': [[zungs]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS. [[zung]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [[zin]] (Gyurme 1992: 261) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[lan pas]] TD. [[blo dang lag tu]] LZ. [[lag pas]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': (frequently requiring [[nas]] attached to the object seized) To lay hold of, to seize, grasp CD. To hold, keep DK. To take an object (with hands, claws &c.) DS. 1. To hold. 2. To take, seize TC. <br> Note: attestations of [['dzind]] given by (Shafer 1951: 1028), originally this was two verbs [['dzin]] , pf. [[zin]] and *[[zung]] , [[bzung]] , according to(Bielmeier 2004: 404), Compare [[zin]] , [[gzung]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzing]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dzings]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dzings]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dzings]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[dgra zun sogs phan tshun]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To dispute, quarrel, contend with, wrestle, struggle with CD. To dispute, to quarrel, to fight, to struggle DK. To fight, quarrel DS. To fight TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['dzings]] DS. [['dzing]] TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dzings]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dzings]] [DS]. [['dzing]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Meaning''': To mix, juxtapose, intertwine DS. To mix, shake, be agitated TC. <br> Note: Compare [[gzing]].</p> +
<p>see [['dzing]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzir]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[dzir]] DK. [['dzir]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dzir]] DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[dzird]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Resultative of''': [['tshir]] (Chang 1971: viii.16-17). <br> '''Meaning''': To trickle off, to let drip CD. To trickle down, drip DK. To drip down from a hole or crack DS. To drip TC.</p> +
<p>see [['dzad]]</p> +
<p>see [['dzeg]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzol]] LZ, CD, DK, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dzold]] LZ. [[dzol]] DK. [['dzol]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dzol]] LZ, DK, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dzold]] LZ. [[dzold]] DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[don dang bya ba sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To mistake. 2. To shake about, to stir, intermix, confuse CD. To be mistaken, to be confused, to fall in a wrong track DK. To make a mistake, be confused, be mistaken TC.</p> +
<p>see [['dzol]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzom]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['dzoms]] CD. <br> '''Past''': [['dzoms]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. [['dzom]] [ND]. <br> '''Future''': [['dzom]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dzoms]] LZ, DK, TC. - DS. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS. ''Voluntary'': TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 318), (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 318). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[mgron po dang gza' skar sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To come, approach together, to meet, to interlace CD. To come together, to get together, to assemble DK. 1. To gather in one place. 2. To be, have, complete, be full. 3. To meet, encounter, touch DS. 1. To gather, come together. 2. To be complete, full TC.</p> +
<p>see [['dzom]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzu]] CD. <br> '''Past''': [['dzus]] CD. <br> '''Meaning''': To catch at, to seize on. 2. To enter (Sch.) CD.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzud]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[btsud]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[zud]] CD. <br> '''Future''': [[gzud]] LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[tshud]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['dzud]] (DK). [[zud]] DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [['tshud]] CD,(Chang 1971: viii.20), (Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 261). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[nang du]] LZ, ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To put, to lead, to guide, to induce, to insert CD. To insert, to put in, admit it DK. To put into, cause to go DS. To make go in TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzug]] KYT, KYN. [['dzugs]] TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[zug]] (CD). <br> '''Past''': [[btsug]] KYT, KYN. [[btsugs]] TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.[[zugs]] (CD). <br> '''Future''': [[gzugs]] KYT, TD, LZ, CD, DK, TC. [[gzug]] KYN, ND, DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [[tshugs]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 292), (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 292), (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [['tshugs]] CD,(Chang 1971: viii.19), (Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 261). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[shing dang srol sogs]] TD. [[rgyal mtshan sogs]] LZ. [[srol sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To thrust a stick into, push down, to set a plant in the ground, to set down, to set up a pillar, to raise (a standard). 2. To establish, found, settle, introduce. 3. To sting (like nettles), to prick CD. 1. To plant. 2. To firmly put at the foot or peak of a thing. 3. To newly establish. 4. (with 'go) To start an action. 5. (with a weapon) To jab, strike, prick. 6. To accuse DS. <br> Note:(Hahn 1995: 142) suggests that a "secondary form of gzug(s)" [[gtsug]] is the first member of the noun [[gtsug lag]]. Compare also [[gtsug]].</p><p>[['dzugs]] CD. gives as the present of [[zug]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzul]] LZ, CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['dzuld]] LZ. [['dzul]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [[gzul]] LZ. [['dzul]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[dzuld]] LZ. [['dzul]] TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 281), (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 281). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[khung bu dang 'og tu]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To glide, steal out, away CD. To go inside and thus become obfuscated, hidden. 2. To descend into DS. To insert, to place into TC.</p> +
<p>see [['dzul]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzum]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[bsum]] CD. <br> '''Past''': [['dzum]] LZ, ND, [DS]. [['dzums]] DK, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['dzum]] LZ, DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['dzum]] LZ. - [ND]. [['dzums]] DK, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': [ND]. ''Voluntary'': TC. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. ''Transitive'': TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[zhal dang nyams sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To smile CD. To smile, to part the lips slightly DK. To smile, laugh a bit DS. To smile, laugh a little TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzum]] CD, TC.[['tshums]] ND. [['dzums]] DK. [['tshum]] DS. <br> '''Past''': [[btsum]] CD, (DK). [[btsums]] ND, DK, DS,TC. <br> '''Future''': [[gzum]] CD, DK. [[btsum]] ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[tshum]] CD. [[tshums]] ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Causative of''': [[zum]] (Gyurme 1992: 261), (Duff). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[mig kha sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To close, shut (eyes, mouth) CD. To close, to shut up, one's mouth, &c. DK. The close (the mouth, eye &c.) DS. To close (mouth, eyes) TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['dzur]] LZ, CD, DS, TC. [[gzur]] LZ, (DS). <br> '''Past''': [[bzurd]] LZ. [[bzur]] CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[gzur]] LZ, CD, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[zurd]] LZ. [[zur]] DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. ''Transitive'': TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Abl.] (Hahn 1994: 108). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[rwa dang ral kha sogs las]] (gzur) LZ. [[mtshon kha sogs las]] ('dzur) LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To give way, to draw back, (of a horse) to shy CD. To avoid, turn away (an arrow &c.) DS. To avoid, shun TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['dzur]] DS. <br> '''Past''': [['dzur]] [DS]. <br> '''Future''': [['dzur]] [DS]. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. <br> '''Meaning''': To pass, elapse (time) CD.</p> +
<p>see [['dzu]]</p> +
<p>[['gabs]] DK. gives as the present of [[gab]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['gad]] DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bkad]] DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dgad]] DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[khod]] DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Causative of''': [['gas]] (Duff). <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To crack, split apart. 2. To make the pedals of a flower open DS. To crack open, to blast apart TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['gag]] LZ, [CD], DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['gags]] LZ, [CD], DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['gag]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['gag]] LZ, DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [['gog]] (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[chu rgyun dang rnam rtog sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To be stopped; to be halted CD. 1. To speak unclearly, to have difficulty speaking. 2. For something to be unable to be free from inside (e.g. a hole). 3. For a continuum to break off DS. To be blocked, to be obstructed TC.</p> +
<p>see [['gag]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['gal]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['gald]] LZ, DK. [['gal]] [DS], TC. <br> '''Future''': [['gal]] LZ, DK, [DS], TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['gald]] LZ, DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[phan tshun]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To contradict, to disagree, to mistake CD. To be mistaken; to be violated, trespassed DK. To be contradictory, to contradict, to be contrary to TC.</p> +
<p>see [['gal]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['gam]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['gams]] LZ, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239). [[bgam]] DK. [[bgams]] DS. <br> '''Future''': [['gam]] LZ, TC. [[dgam]] DK. [[bgam]] DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [['goms]] LZ, DS, TC. [['gams]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239), (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[phye rtsam sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To cram into the mouth, especially of dry edibles CD. To throw food into the mouth DK. 1. To examine, determine, size up a situation 2. To put (tsam pa &c.) in to the mouth DS. To swallow, gulp down (used of barley flour and dry powders) TC.</p> +
<p>see [['gam]]</p> +
<p>[['gang]] DK. gives as the present of [[gang]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['gas]] KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. [['ges]] CD. <br> '''Past''': [[bkas]] KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dgas]] KYT, CD, ND, DS, TC. [[bkas]] KYNZ.[[bkad]] KYNC, LZ. <br> '''Imperative''': [[khos]] KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [['gas2]] [Chang 1971: vii.17] (Chang 1971: vii.27), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178). [[gas]] TC. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[mgo bo sogs]] LZ, [[dum bur kha sogs]] NDB, [[dum bur ka bkas sogs]] NDA. <br> '''Meaning''': To split, to crack, to burst apart ('gas) CD. To split, cleave, divide ('ges) CD. To cleave, crack, split (wood &c.) by striking with a knife or axe DS. To crack, to split TC. <br> Note: This verb and [[dgas]] are not to be distinguished.</p><p>'''Present''': [['gas]] LZ, CD, DK, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[gas]] LZ, DK, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dgas]] LZ. [['gas]] DK, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[gas]] LZ, DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [['gad]] (Duff). [['gas]] (Chang 1971: vii.27), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[snod dang shel sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To split, to crack, to burst apart CD. To be cracked, to be broken DK. To crack, to split open, to burst open TC. <br> Note: to be identified with [[gas]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['gebs]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['geb]] (DK). <br> '''Past''': [[bkab]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dgab]] LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[bgab]] CD. <br> '''Imperative''': [[khobs]] LZ, ND, DS. [[khob]] CD, DK, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [[khebs]] (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 113), (Duff). [[gab]] (Chang vii.16-17), (Gyurme 1992: 259). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sgab]] [CD], [Coblin 1986] <br> Denominative of: [[khebs]] 'a cover'NWH. <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[na bza' sogs kyis]] LZ, [[gos dang drebs sogs ?]] NDB, [[gos dang khebs sogs]] NDA. <br> '''Meaning''': To cover up, to put on; to conceal CD. To cause to spread over; to cover; to put on, to wear DK. 1. To become obscure from darkness. 2. To hide, make secret DS. To conceal, to cover TC.</p> +
<p>[['gegs]] CD, DS give as a present of [['gog]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['gel]] CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[kal]] CD. [[bkald]] ND. [[bkal]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dgal]] CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[khol]] CD, DS, TC [[khold]] ND. [['geld]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sgal]] [Coblin 1986] <br> '''Causative of''': [['khel]] (Beyer 1992: 113). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[khal dang khral sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To load, to lay on a burden, to impose tax or rent, to commission; to put, to place on, over; to impose a fine; to give punishment CD. To give responsibilities, to load; to impose, lay a tax, to levy a tax DK. 1. To burden cattle with a load. 2. To trust, hope. 3. For someone of high rank to impose a certain task or aim to be accomplished upon person of lower rank DS. 1. To impose, to burden. 2. To load a pack animal. 3. to hang. 4. To trust, to entrust TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['gem]] DS. [['gems]] TC. <br> '''Past''': [['gems]] DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['gem]] DS. [['gems]] TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['gems]] DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Meaning''': To defeat, subdue, overcome DS. To crush TC.</p> +
<p>see [['gem]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['geng]] KYT, KYN, LZ, (DK), DS. [['gengs]] TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bkang]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[bkangs]] LZ. <br> '''Future''': [[dgang]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[bkang]] LZ. <br> '''Imperative''': [[khengs]] KYT. [[khong]] KYN, CD, TC. [[khongs]] LZ, ND, DS. [[gengs]] LZ [['gengs]] DK. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [[gang]] (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff) <br> '''Causative of''': [[kheng]] (Beyer 1992: 113), (Duff) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[bum bchus]] TD. [[snod sogs]] ('geng, bkang, bkang, khongs) LZ. [[mda']] ('gengs, bkangs, bkang, gengs) LZ. [[bum pa lta bu chu sogs kyis]] ('gengs, bkhang, dgang, khongs)LZ. [[snod dang gzhu sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To fill up, to satiate CD. To fill up; to fulfill; to pull the string of a bow with an arrow for shooting DK. 1. To fill. 2. To draw a bow string TC. <br> Note: Compare [[skong]] , and [[kheng]].</p> +
<p>[['ger]] DS gives as the present of [[dgar]]</p> +
<p>[['ges]] CD gives as the present of [[dgas]] or [['gas]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['gi]] TC. <br> ''Intransitive'':(Skorupski 2001). <br> '''Meaning''': (dialect) To be TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['go]] LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['gos]] LZ, CD, DK, DS. [[gos]] CD, TC. <br> '''Future''': [['go]] LZ, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[gos]] LZ. [['gos]] DK. - DS, TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Resultative of''': [[sgo]] (Chang 1971: vii.18), (Duff). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[lus lha dang skyon sogs]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To stain, lose color, dirty sully CD. To be infected; to be covered DK. For one thing to stick to or contaminate another thing DS. 1. To catch (an illness), to be infected. 2. To be stained, to be sullied, to have a stain or substance stick to oneself TC.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['god]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[dgod]] LZ. <br> '''Past''': [[bgod]] KYTC, [['god]] KYTZ,[[bkod]] KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dgod]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['khod]] CD. <br> '''Imperative''': [[khod]] KYT, KYNZ (see note), LZ, ND, CD, DS, TC. [['khod]] KYNC, TD, LZ, (DS). [['god]] DK <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [['khod]] (Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).[['go]] (Chang vii.19, see note) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[gnas su]] TD, [[tshom bu dang yi ger sogs su]] ('god) LZ, [[gral dang gnas su]] (dgod) LZ. [[rgyan dang bde dang bral sogs]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To design, project, plan; to found, establish, lay out; to fix, put ('god) CD. To build, arrange, plan (bkod) CD. To register, make a record; to coronate, enthrone; to make peace; to put a signature or seal on DK. 1. To insert, to establish, to put, to secure. to rectify. 2. To design, to formulate, to plan out, to build, to lay out. 3. To write, to sign, to record, to document TC. <br> Note: Root given as *go+d (Chang 1971: vii.18). <br> Note:KYNZ has an erasure of one character i.e. [['khod]] may have been the original reading. (Chang 1971: vii.18) suggests that 'god functions as a causative of [['go]] in Lhasa dialect. (Uray 1972: 19) connects this verb with [[mkhos]] /[[khos]] /[[khod]] 'institution, administration, settlement of the state' along with the verbs, [[sko]] and [['khod]]. (Takeuchi 1990: 175) suggests that the noun [[god]] 'order to execute' is derived from the intransitive perfect form of this verb.</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['gog]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. [['gogs]] CD. [['gegs]] CD, (DS). <br> '''Past''': [[bkag]] KYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[dgag]] KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. [[dgags]] CD. <br> '''Imperative''': [[khogs]] KYT, DK, DS. [[khog]] KYN, TD, LZ, ND, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': KYT, KYN, TC, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276), (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276), (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Causative of''': [['gag]] (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff) <br> '''Causative of''': [[khegs]] (Beyer 1992: 113). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[gzhan gyi grub mtha' sogs]] TD, [[grub mtha' dang rgol ngan sogs]] LZ, [[lam sogs dgag bya]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': To prevent; to avert unfortunate events, as danger, to suppress, drive back, expel CD. To hinder, obstruct, keep back or in CD. To block, obstruct; to stop, hinder; limit DK. 1. To obstruct, to block, to interrupt. 2. To resist, to oppose TC. <br> Note: Compare [[bgag]].</p><p>'''Present''': [[dgog]] LZ. [['gog]] CD, ND, DS, TC. [[dgogs]] DK <br> '''Past''': [[bkogs]] LZ. [[bkog]] CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bkog]] LZ. [[dgog]] CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [[gog]] LZ. [[khog]] CD, ND, DK, TC. [[khogs]] DS. <br> ''Voluntary'': CD, ND, DS TC, (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Causative of''': [[gog]] (Chang 1971: vii.17). [[khog]] (Gyurme 1992: 259). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[rtsa ba sogs]] LZ, [[rtsa ba nas]] ND. <br> '''Meaning''': 1. To take away forcibly; to snatch, take away, pull out. 2. To take off a cover, lid CD. To detach from; to pull out; to extract; to extirpate DK 1. For something which adheres together to separate apart. 2. To pluck, comb DS. 1. To extract, to pull out. 2. To detach, to scrape off, to peel off TC.</p> +
<p>[['gogs]] CD gives as the present of [['gog]].</p> +
<p>[['gol]] CDgives as the present to gol.</p> +
<p>[['gold]] DKgives as the present to [[gol]].</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [[gom]] LZ[['gom]] CD, DK, DS, TC. [[bgom]] CD, ND. [[bgoms]] (CD). <br> '''Past''': [[bgoms]] LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bgomd]] LZ[[bgom]] ND, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['gom]] LZ- ND. [[goms]] DK, DS. [[bgoms]] TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': ND ''Voluntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[rkang pa sogs kyis]] LZ. [[gom pa]] NDA, [[gom pas]] NDB. <br> '''Meaning''': To walk, step, stride, pace (bgom) CD. 1. To tread. 2. (Acc. Sch. = [['ges]] , [['gum]] ) To pass over, = [['gro]] ('gom) CD. To walk; to pace DK. To pass thither from above DS. To walk over, to cross over, to pass over TC.</p> +
<p>see [['gam]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [['gong]] CD, DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Past''': [[bkong]] CD. [['gongs]] DK, DS. <br> '''Future''': [['gong]] DK, DS. <br> '''Imperative''': [['gongs]] DK. - DS. <br> ''Involuntary'': DS. <br> ''Intransitive'': DS. <br> '''Meaning''': To bewitch, enchant, pass over, get the better of. (the past tense [[bkong]] in compounds means 'threat') CD. To be trespassed or violated; to be disgraced; to be afraid of DK. 1. To obtain release from entrapment. 2. To surpass, exceed DS. (archaic) 1. To be intimidated, to be afraid, to be oppressed. 2. To transgress. 3. To rival, to get the better of. 4. To demean, to put down. 5. To exceed, to go beyond. 6. To be released, to escape TC. <br> Note: Compare [[bkong]] and [['khong]].</p> +
<p>see [['gong]]</p> +
<p>'''Present''': [[bgor]] CD, TC. [['gor]] CD, DK, DS. <br> '''Past''': [[bgord]] DK.[[bgor]] DS, TC. <br> '''Future''': [[bgor]] DK, DS, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['gord]] DK. [[bgor]] DS, TC. <br> ''Voluntary'': DS, TC. <br> ''Transitive'': DS, TC. <br> '''Causative of''': [['gor2]] (Duff). <br> '''Meaning''': To linger, loiter in the way; delay CD. To delay; to detain DK. To make time pass DS. To take [time], to elapse, to delay TC.</p><p>'''Present''': [['gor]] LZ, CD, DK, TC. <br> '''Past''': [['gord]] LZ, DK. [['gor]] TC. <br> '''Future''': [['gor]] LZ, DK, TC. <br> '''Imperative''': [['gord]] LZ, DK. - TC. <br> ''Involuntary'': TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 271), (Hoshi 2003). <br> ''Intransitive'': TC. <br> '''Syntax''': [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 271). <br> '''Resultative of''': [['gor1]] (Duff) <br> '''Characteristic Example''': [[dus dang lam sogs su]] LZ. <br> '''Meaning''': To tarry, linger, loiter CD. To be delayed; to be late DK. To take time, to be delayed TC.</p> +
<p>see [['gor]]</p> +