Difference between revisions of "9. Word; Accent; Quantity"

Latest revision as of 09:02, 1 February 2006

.1[edit]

The peculiarity of the Tibetan mode of writing in distinctly marking the word-syllables, but not the words (cf. 4) composed of two or more of these, sometimes renders is doubtful what is to be rgarded as one word.

.2[edit]

There exist a great number of small monosyllables, which serve for denoting different shades of notions, grammatical relations etc., and are postponed to the word in question; but never alter its original shape, though their own initials are not seldom influenced by its final consonant (cf. 15).

.3[edit]

Such monosyllables may conveniently be regarded as terminations, forming one word together with the preceeding nominal or verbal root.

.4[edit]

The accent is, in such cases, most naturally given to the root, or, in compounds, generally to the latter part of the composition, as: mig ,eye', mig gi ,of the eye'; lag ,hand', lag shubs, ,hand covering, glove'.

.5[edit]

Equally natural is, in WT., the quantity of the vowels: accentuated vowels, when closing the syllable, are comparatively long (though never so long as in the English words bee, stay, or the Hindi character omitted etc.), otherwise short, as mi ,man', mi la ,to the man', but mar ,butter'. - In CT, however, even accentuated and closing vowels are uttered very shortly: mi, mi-la etc., and long ones occur there only in the case of 5, 4.5 and 8.2, as las lae ,work'; chos choe ,religion'; mda' da ,arrow'; gza' za ,planet'; and in Lhasa especially: nags na ,forest'; legs pa le-pa ,good'; rigs ri ,class, sort'; logs lo ,side'; lugs lu ,manner'. - In Sanscrit words the long vowels are marked by an 'a beneath the consonant, as: n'a ma (character omitted) ,called', m'u la (character omitted) ,root' (s. 3).

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-foe destroyer [thd]
+__NOTOC__
-arhatship, hinayana saint, arhat (1 of [[lam bzhi]]) one who has subdued his enemy, Arhat who has overcome emotional conflicts, Foe Destroyer, saint, perfect saint [JV]
+== .1 ==
+The peculiarity of the Tibetan mode of writing in distinctly marking the word-syllables, but not the words ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[4. Syllables|4]]) composed of two or more of these, sometimes renders is doubtful what is to be rgarded as one word.
-Arhat, Subduer of Foes, Worthy One; one who have overcome emotional conflicts; Foe Destroyer, saint, enemy slayer, one who has slain the foe of conflicting emotion and reached the highest result of the vehicles of pious attendants. the status of an arhat. slayer of the foe, one who has vanquished the foe, perfect saint [RY]
+== .2 ==
+There exist a great number of small monosyllables, which serve for denoting different shades of notions, grammatical relations etc., and are postponed to the word in question; but never alter its original shape, though their own initials are not seldom influenced by its final consonant ([[Abbreviations|cf.]] [[15. Declension.|15]]).
-Arhat, one who has vanquished his enemies, the obscuring emotions ([[kleshas]]). The highest level attained by [[shravakas]] and [[pratyekabuddhas]] [RY]
+== .3 ==
+Such monosyllables may conveniently be regarded as terminations, forming one word together with the preceeding nominal or verbal root.
-''(arhanta)'' [[Arhat]] [foe destroyer, enemy slayer, the status of an arhat (one who has slain the foe of conflicting emotion, and overcome the enemy the [[four maras]] and reached the highest result of the vehicles of [[pious attendant]]s [IW]
+== .4 ==
+The accent is, in such cases, most naturally given to the root, or, in compounds, generally to the latter part of the composition, as: ''[[mig]]'' ,eye', ''[[mig gi]]'' ,of the eye'; ''[[lag]]'' ,hand', [[lag shubs]]'', ,hand covering, glove'.
-[[arhat]]/ "one who has vanquished the foe" [RB]
+== .5 ==
+Equally natural is, in [[Abbreviations|WT.]], the quantity of the vowels: accentuated vowels, when closing the syllable, are comparatively long (though never so long as in the English words ''bee, stay'', or the [[Hindi]] [[character omitted]] etc.), otherwise short, as ''[[mi]]'' ,man', ''[[mi la]]'' ,to the man', but ''[[mar]]'' ,butter'. - In [[Abbreviations|CT]], however, even accentuated and closing vowels are uttered very shortly: ''mi, mi-la'' etc., and long ones occur there only in the case of [[5. Final Consonants|5]], [[4. Syllables#.5|4.5]] and [[8. Prefixed Letters#.2|8.2]], as ''[[las]]'' ''lae'' ,work'; ''[[chos]]'' ''choe'' ,religion'; ''[[mda']]'' ''da'' ,arrow'; ''[[gza']]'' ''za'' ,planet'; and in Lhasa especially: ''[[nags]]'' ''na'' ,forest'; ''[[legs pa]]'' ''le-pa'' ,good'; ''[[rigs]]'' ''ri'' ,class, sort'; ''[[logs]]'' ''lo'' ,side'; ''[[lugs]]'' ''lu'' ,manner'. - In [[Sanscrit]] words the long vowels are marked by an ''[[:Category:'a|'a]]'' beneath the consonant, as: ''[[n'a ma]]'' ([[character omitted]]) ,called', ''[[m'u la]]'' ([[character omitted]]) ,root' ([[Abbreviations|s.]] [[3. Vowels|3]]).
-saint [RY]
-'''[[Arhat]]''' ([[arhat]]): in Tibetan Drachompa ([[dgra bcom pa]]), means `the one who has defeated the enemy' with the same meaning as above. [MR]
+<BR><BR>Click here to go to the front page of the [[Second Edition of H.A. Jaeschke's 'Tibetan Grammar']]
-[[Category: Key Terms]] [[Category: Mahayana]] [[Category: Vajrayana]][[Category: Teachings]]